{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:40:53Z","timestamp":1789342853767,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014The study of QT dispersion (QTd) is of increasing clinical interest, but there are very few data in large healthy populations. Furthermore, there is still discussion on the extent to which QTd reflects dispersion of measurement. This study addresses these problems.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Twelve-lead ECGs recorded on 1501 apparently healthy adults and 1784 healthy neonates, infants, and children were used to derive normal limits of QTd and QT intervals by use of a fully automated approach. No age gradient or sex differences in QTd were seen and it was found that an upper limit of 50 ms was highly specific. Three-orthogonal-lead ECGs (n=1220) from the Common Standards for Quantitative Electrocardiography database were used to generate derived 12-lead ECGs, which had a significant increase in QTd of 10.1\u00b113.1 ms compared with the original orthogonal-lead ECG but a mean difference of only 1.63\u00b112.2 ms compared with the original 12-lead ECGs. In a population of 361 patients with old myocardial infarction, there was a statistically significant increase in mean QTd compared with that of the adult normal group (32.7\u00b110.0 versus 24.53\u00b18.2 ms;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;0.0001). An estimate of computer measurement error was also obtained by creating 2 sets of 1220 ECGs from the original set of 1220. The mean error (difference in QTd on a paired basis) was found to be 0.28\u00b19.7 ms.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014These data indicate that QTd is age and sex independent, has a highly specific upper normal limit of 50 ms, is significantly lower in the 3-orthogonal-lead than in the 12-lead ECG, and is longer in patients with a previous myocardial infarction than in normal subjects.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.20.2160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1339461662000},"page":"2160-2167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Influence of Lead Selection and Population on Automated Measurement of QT Dispersion"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"P. W.","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University of Glasgow (P.W.M., S.C.M.), Glasgow, Scotland, and Monklands Hospital (J.C.R.), Airdrie, Scotland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University of Glasgow (P.W.M., S.C.M.), Glasgow, Scotland, and Monklands Hospital (J.C.R.), Airdrie, Scotland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Christine","family":"Rodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the University of Glasgow (P.W.M., S.C.M.), Glasgow, Scotland, and Monklands Hospital (J.C.R.), Airdrie, Scotland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.57.6.639227"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(75)90089-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"625","volume":"5","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mirvis DM. Spatial variation of QT intervals in normal persons and patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:625\u2013631.","journal-title":"Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91164-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7035.874"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.63.6.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)91118-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.6.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","first-page":"258","volume":"17","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fei L, Goldman JH, Prasad A, Keeling PJ, Reardon K, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ. QT dispersion and RR variations on 12-lead ECGs in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:258\u2013263.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1996.tb00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(88)91309-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.60.5.424"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macfarlane PW McLaughlin SC Devine B Yang TF. Effects of age sex and race on ECG interval measurements. J Electrocardiol. 1994;27(suppl):14\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(94)80039-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macfarlane PW Coleman EN Pomphrey EO McLaughlin SC Houston A Aitcheson TC. Normal limits of the high-fidelity paediatric ECG: preliminary observations. J Electrocardiol. 1989;22(suppl):163\u2013169.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(07)80118-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112193252503"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"140","volume":"57","year":"1987","unstructured":"Watts MP, Shoat DB. Trends in electrocardiographic design. J IERE. 1987;57:140\u2013150.","journal-title":"J IERE"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Macfarlane PW. A hybrid lead system for routine electrocardiography. In: Macfarlane PW ed. Progress in Electrocardiology. London UK: Pitman Medical; 1979:1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.13.5.737"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634799"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(87)80136-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.1980.3.2.87"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(54)90196-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.50.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"694","volume":"1","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hodges M, Salerno D, Erlinen D. Bazett\u2019s QT correction reviewed: evidence that a linear QT correction for heart rate is better. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1:694. Abstract.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"353","volume":"7","year":"1920","unstructured":"Bazett HC. An analysis of the time relations of the electrocardiograms. Heart. 1920;7:353\u2013370.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macfarlane PW Lawrie TDV. The normal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram. In: Macfarlane PW Lawrie TDV eds. Comprehensive Electrocardiology. Oxford UK. Pergamon Press; 1989;1:407\u2013457.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-874-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.72.4.390"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1994.tb01435.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"815","volume":"6","year":"1985","unstructured":"The Common Standards for Quantitative Electrocardiography Working Party. Recommendations for measurement standards in quantitative electrocardiography. Eur Heart J. 1985;6:815\u2013825.","journal-title":"Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Wagner G. Marriott\u2019s Practical Electrocardiography. 9th ed. Baltimore Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00869-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","unstructured":"Zabel M Wolfgang J. Rate dependence of the QT interval and of QT dispersion: comparison of atrial pacing and exercise testing. Circulation. 1997;96(suppl I):I-325. Abstract."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.6.508"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.4.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.74.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0736(93)90053-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00756-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.90.1.8026057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","first-page":"I","volume":"96","year":"1997","unstructured":"Macfarlane PW, on behalf of the WOSCOPS Study Group. Electrocardiographic measures including QT dispersion in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation. 1997;96:I-325\u2013I-326. Abstract.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.4.371"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.97.5.467"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7035.878"}],"container-title":["Circulation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.CIR.98.20.2160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T16:24:39Z","timestamp":1715531079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.CIR.98.20.2160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.CIR.98.20.2160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.98.20.2160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-7322","1524-4539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-7322","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4539","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-05-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-07-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-11-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}