{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:33:52Z","timestamp":1792712032525,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014The increasing number of transgenic and targeted mutant mice with embryonic cardiac defects has resulted in the need for noninvasive techniques to examine cardiac structure and function in early mouse embryos. We report the first use of a novel 40-MHz ultrasound imaging system in the study of mouse cardiac development in utero.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods and Results<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Transabdominal scans of mouse embryos staged between 8.5 and 13.5 days of gestation (E8.5 to E13.5) were obtained in anesthetized mice. Atrial and ventricular contractions could be discerned from E9.5, and changes in cardiac morphology were observed from E9.5 to E13.5. Hyperechoic streaming patterns delineated flow through the umbilical, vitelline, and other major blood vessels. Diastolic and systolic ventricular areas were determined by planimetry of the epicardial borders, and fractional area change was measured as an index of contractile function. Significant increases in ventricular size were documented at each stage between E10.5 and E13.5, and the ability to perform serial imaging studies over 3 days of embryonic development is described. Finally, the detection of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) homozygous null mutant embryos demonstrates the first example of noninvasive, in utero analysis of cardiac structure and function in a targeted mouse mutant.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014We used 40-MHz echocardiography to identify key elements of the early mouse embryonic cardiovascular system and for noninvasive dimensional analysis of developing cardiac ventricles. The ability to perform serial measurements and to detect mutant embryos with cardiac defects highlights the usefulness of the technique for investigating normal and abnormal cardiovascular development.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.98.9.912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1339461662000},"page":"912-918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Noninvasive, In Utero Imaging of Mouse Embryonic Heart Development With 40-MHz Echocardiography"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Shardha","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Scott","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Aristizabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Kwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Labow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Artman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine (S.S., O.A., D.H.T.) and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.S., M.A.), Radiology (D.H.T.), and Pathology (D.H.T.), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY; the Joseph Stokes Research Institute (H.S.B.), Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa; and Roche Research Center (L.K., M.L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc, Nutley, NJ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/res.78.3.349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Kaufman MH. 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