{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:28:36Z","timestamp":1790256516379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Angiotensin II (ANG) is known to facilitate catecholamine release from peripheral sympathetic neurons by enhancing depolarization-dependent exocytosis. In addition, a direct excitation by ANG of peripheral sympathetic nerve activity has recently been described. This study determined the significance of the latter mechanism for angiotensin-induced catecholamine release in the pithed rat. Rats were anesthetized and instrumented for measuring either hemodynamics and renal sympathetic nerve activity or plasma catecholamine concentrations in response to successively increasing doses of angiotensin infusions. Even during ganglionic blockade by hexamethonium (20 mg\/kg), angiotensin dose-dependently elevated sympathetic nerve activity, whereas blood pressure\u2013equivalent doses of phenylephrine were ineffective. Independently of central nervous sympathetic activity and ganglionic transmission, angiotensin (0.1 to 1 \u03bcg\/kg) also induced an up-to 27-fold increase in plasma norepinephrine levels, reaching 2.65 ng\/mL. Preganglionic electrical stimulation (0.5 Hz) raised basal norepinephrine levels 11-fold and further enhanced the angiotensin-induced increase in norepinephrine (4.04 ng\/mL at 1 \u03bcg\/kg ANG). Stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine release were suppressed by candesartan (1 mg\/kg) or tetrodotoxin (100 \u03bcg\/kg), respectively. Angiotensin enhanced plasma norepinephrine, heart rate, and sympathetic nerve activity at similar threshold doses (0.3 to 1 \u03bcg\/kg), but raised blood pressure at a significantly lower dose (0.01 \u03bcg\/kg). It is concluded that direct stimulation of ganglionic angiotensin type 1 (AT\n            <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n            ) receptors arouses electrical activity in sympathetic neurons, leading to exocytotic junctional catecholamine release. In both the absence and presence of preganglionic sympathetic activity, this mechanism contributes significantly to ANG-induced enhancement of catecholamine release.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000028001.65341.aa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]],"date-time":"2002-09-05T22:06:24Z","timestamp":1031263584000},"page":"348-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Angiotensin II Induces Catecholamine Release by Direct Ganglionic Excitation"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Dendorfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Thornagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Raasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Grisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Tempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dominiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.36.6.1083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1996.271.1.R200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"H648","volume":"272","year":"1997","unstructured":"Csiky B, Simon G. Effect of neonatal sympathectomy on development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol. 1997; 272: H648\u2013H656.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1995.269.5.H1564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01790.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"112","volume":"15","year":"1971","unstructured":"Starke K. Action of angiotensin on uptake, release, and metabolism of 14C-noradrenaline by isolated rabbit hearts. Eur J Pharmacol. 1971; 15: 112\u2013123.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.22.5.699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.26.3.445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0952-7_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12323.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"107","volume":"159","year":"1968","unstructured":"Aiken JW, Reit E. Stimulation of the cat stellate ganglion by angiotensin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1968; 159: 107\u2013114.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"48","volume":"177","year":"1971","unstructured":"Farr WC, Grupp G. Ganglionic stimulation: mechanism of the positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of angiotensin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1971; 177: 48\u201355.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200103001-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/res.88.8.787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1967.tb02114.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000025840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1998.00357.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200110000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"669","volume":"204","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dun NJ, Nishi S, Karczmar AG. An analysis of the effect of angiotensin II on mammalian ganglion cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1978; 204: 669\u2013675.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.99.19.2537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.24.4.451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"R690","volume":"261","year":"1991","unstructured":"Matsukawa T, Gotoh E, Minamisawa K, Kihara M, Ueda S, Shionoiri H, Ishii M. Effects of intravenous infusions of angiotensin II on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am J Physiol. 1991; 261: R690\u2013R696.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(89)90030-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y67-034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90942-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1996.271.2.R361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"64","volume":"290","year":"1987","unstructured":"Knape JT, van Zwieten PA. Stimulation of vascular postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptors by noradrenaline, released by angiotensin II in pithed rat preparations. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1987; 290: 64\u201376.","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11759.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"H381","volume":"241","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brown AJ, Casals-Stenzel J, Gofford S, Lever AF, Morton JJ. Comparison of fast and slow pressor effects of angiotensin II in the conscious rat. Am J Physiol. 1981; 241: H381\u2013H388.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.26.3.420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.29.1.450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hyp.36.2.259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"R46","volume":"275","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xu L, Collister JP, Osborn JW, Brooks VL. Endogenous ANG II supports lumbar sympathetic activity in conscious sodium-deprived rats: role of area postrema. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: R46\u2013R55.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/res.88.1.110"}],"container-title":["Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000028001.65341.AA","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T16:56:56Z","timestamp":1715533016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000028001.65341.AA"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.HYP.0000028001.65341.AA"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.hyp.0000028001.65341.aa","relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-911X","1524-4563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-911X","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-06-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}