{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T13:38:45Z","timestamp":1794577125590,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    National guidelines and a recent clinical trial have supported the use of thiazide diuretics as the preferred initial pharmacological treatment for hypertension. However, evidence from this and other clinical trials have also found an increased incidence of new onset diabetes among those patients receiving thiazide diuretics. The mechanisms responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes with thiazide diuretics have not been fully elucidated. This article provides a review of intervention studies that included data on the relation between thiazide-induced hypokalemia and glucose intolerance. We conducted a literature search from 1966 to June 2004 to identify clinical trials using thiazide diuretics where the metabolic effects on potassium and glucose are reported. A total of 59 clinical trials constituting 83 thiazide diuretic study arms were identified. Trial size, length, type of thiazide diuretic, and dose varied substantially among the studies. The association between average changes in potassium and glucose in the study arms is considered jointly in a weighted statistical model. The Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient, weighted by study sample size, for the relationship between glucose and potassium was \u22120.54 (95% CI, \u22120.67 to \u22120.36;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.01). A sensitivity analysis, which considered subset analyses and effect of covariates, as well as inverse-variance weighting, supported this finding. These data suggest that thiazide-induced hypokalemia is associated with increased blood glucose. Treatment of thiazide-induced hypokalemia may reverse glucose intolerance and possibly prevent the future development of diabetes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000231552.10054.aa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,26]],"date-time":"2006-06-26T20:53:15Z","timestamp":1151355195000},"page":"219-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":393,"title":["Thiazide Diuretics, Potassium, and the Development of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Zillich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (A.J.Z.), Department of Pharmacy Practice, West Lafayette, Ind; Department of Medicine (J.G.), Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco; Division of Statistics (S.B.), Northern Illinois University, De Kalb; Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine (G.L.B.), Hypertension\/Clinical Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy (B.L.C.), College of Pharmacy, Department..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (A.J.Z.), Department of Pharmacy Practice, West Lafayette, Ind; Department of Medicine (J.G.), Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco; Division of Statistics (S.B.), Northern Illinois University, De Kalb; Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine (G.L.B.), Hypertension\/Clinical Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy (B.L.C.), College of Pharmacy, Department..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (A.J.Z.), Department of Pharmacy Practice, West Lafayette, Ind; Department of Medicine (J.G.), Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco; Division of Statistics (S.B.), Northern Illinois University, De Kalb; Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine (G.L.B.), Hypertension\/Clinical Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy (B.L.C.), College of Pharmacy, Department..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Bakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (A.J.Z.), Department of Pharmacy Practice, West Lafayette, Ind; Department of Medicine (J.G.), Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco; Division of Statistics (S.B.), Northern Illinois University, De Kalb; Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine (G.L.B.), Hypertension\/Clinical Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy (B.L.C.), College of Pharmacy, Department..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry L.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Purdue University College of Pharmacy (A.J.Z.), Department of Pharmacy Practice, West Lafayette, Ind; Department of Medicine (J.G.), Division of Nephrology, University of California-San Francisco; Division of Statistics (S.B.), Northern Illinois University, De Kalb; Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine (G.L.B.), Hypertension\/Clinical Research Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill; Division of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy (B.L.C.), College of Pharmacy, Department..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-004-0084-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3317\/jraas.2003.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-005-0006-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.0000125726.92964.ab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.12.1401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-50-1-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196002252620807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1961.tb07829.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90816-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6218.905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"331","volume":"2","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bloomfield RL, Wilson DJ, Buckalew VM Jr. The incidence of diuretic-induced hypokalemia in two distinct clinic settings. J Clin Hypertens. 1986; 2: 331\u2013338.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08037059409102262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1970115733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1977225part1519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.15.4.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1978242192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1986.tb03473.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Allon M. Disorders of potassium metabolism. In: Greenberg A ed. Primer on Kidney Diseases. New York NY: The National Kidney Foundation; 1998: 98\u2013106."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(80)90074-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-34-1-235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-9-200311040-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02527-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1964.00280090091014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.62.732.919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.22.7.544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199210120-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90690-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"737","volume":"13","year":"1991","unstructured":"Strocchi E, Bossini A, Ranieri G, Filitti V. Efficacy and tolerability of enalapril (20 mg)\/hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) combination therapy in essential hypertension. Clin Ther. 1991; 13: 737\u2013746.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16451-9"}],"container-title":["Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T12:23:37Z","timestamp":1715516617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa"}},"subtitle":["A Quantitative Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.hyp.0000231552.10054.aa","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.30624.487124","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0194-911X","1524-4563"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-911X","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4563","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-05-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}