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Kallikrein gene delivery caused significant decreases in the ratio of infarct size to ischemic area at risk (from 69.6% to 44.5%, n=10 and 8,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) and in the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (from 64.3% to 16.7%, n=14 and 24,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) compared with the group injected with control adenovirus. Kallikrein gene delivery also attenuated programmed cell death in the ischemic area compared with the control area as assessed with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase\u2013mediated nick end labeling assay (n=6,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). Icatibant, a specific bradykinin B<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptor antagonist, abolished these kallikrein-mediated beneficial effects. The expression of human tissue kallikrein mRNA was identified in rat heart, kidney, lung, liver, and adrenal gland. After kallikrein gene delivery, cardiac kinin and cGMP levels were significantly elevated compared with the control (29.6\u00b112.7 versus 6.1\u00b12.1 pg\/mg protein, n=7,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01; 1.30\u00b10.06 versus 0.86\u00b10.09 pmol\/mg protein, n=5,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). These results indicate that kallikrein gene delivery protects against myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, and apoptosis in ischemia\/reperfusion injury via kinin-cGMP signal pathway. The successful application of this technology may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of coronary artery diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.35.1.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,12]],"date-time":"2012-06-12T00:25:31Z","timestamp":1339460731000},"page":"25-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Kallikrein Gene Delivery Attenuates Myocardial Infarction and Apoptosis After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny J","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520420066040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530430051039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.65.1.6273010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"222","volume":"109","year":"1986","unstructured":"Carl E, Hoch C, Riberio LGT, Lefer AM. 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