{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:10:26Z","timestamp":1793689826336,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Atherosclerosis is a diffuse, chronic inflammatory disorder that involves the vascular, metabolic, and immune systems and leads to plaque vulnerability. The traditional risk assessment relies on clinical, biological, and conventional imaging tools. However, these tools fall short in predicting near-future events in patients with vulnerable carotid artery plaque.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Methods\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            In current clinical practice, anatomic imaging modalities, such as B-mode ultrasound, spiral computed tomography angiography, and high-resolution MRI, can identify several morphological features characteristic of the vulnerable plaque but give little or no information regarding molecular and cellular mechanisms.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Results\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            This review is dedicated to factors involved in carotid artery plaque vulnerability and to new imaging methods that target this condition. Our aim is to describe the following: (1) conventional pathologic and imaging markers predictive of plaque vulnerability; (2) the role of relevant biological, genetic, and mechanical factors; (3) the potential of new imaging methods; and (4) current and emerging treatments.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            A multimodal assessment of plaque vulnerability involving the combination of systemic markers, new imaging methods that target inflammatory and thrombotic components, and the potential of emerging therapies may lead to a new stratification system for atherothrombotic risk and to a better prevention of atherothrombotic stroke.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000190895.51934.43","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,11]],"date-time":"2005-11-11T01:45:04Z","timestamp":1131673504000},"page":"2764-2772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["The Vulnerable Carotid Artery Plaque"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Norbert","family":"Nighoghossian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cerebrovascular Unit (N.N., L.D.), Hospital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer; CREATIS (N.N., L.D., P.D.); and Department of Radiology (P.D.), Ho\u0302pital Cardiologique, Louis Pradel, Lyon, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Derex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cerebrovascular Unit (N.N., L.D.), Hospital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer; CREATIS (N.N., L.D., P.D.); and Department of Radiology (P.D.), Ho\u0302pital Cardiologique, Louis Pradel, Lyon, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Douek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cerebrovascular Unit (N.N., L.D.), Hospital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer; CREATIS (N.N., L.D., P.D.); and Department of Radiology (P.D.), Ho\u0302pital Cardiologique, Louis Pradel, Lyon, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93206-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"339:1415","volume":"12","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Ferguson GG, Haynes RB, Rankin RN, Clagett GP, Hachinski VC, Sackett DL, Thorpe KE, Meldrum HE, Spence JD. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med. 1998; 12; 339:1415\u20131425.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09292-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520420037035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16146-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000087480.94275.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000128520.37674.ef"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000091393.32060.0e"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.93.7.1354"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02433-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04470-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000152336.71224.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.26.7.1231"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000054671.71777.c7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840295"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035655"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198302000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100169900285"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"1845","volume":"20","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spagnoli LG, Mauriello A, Sangiorgi G, Fratoni S, Bonanno E, Schwartz RS, Piepgras DG, Pistolese R, Ippoliti A, Holmes DR Jr. Extracranial thrombotically active carotid plaque as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2004; 20:292: 1845\u20131852.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.29.7.1405"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"1890","volume":"24","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nuotio K, Lindsberg PJ, Carpen O, Soinne L, Lehtonen-Smeds EM, Saimanen E, Lassila R, Sairanen T, Sarna S, Salonen O, Kovanen PT, Kaste M. Adhesion molecule expression in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Neurology. 2003; 24:60: 1890\u20131899.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvb.18.11.1707"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000126822.01756.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","first-page":"199.","volume":"169","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson JL, George S, Newby A, Jackson CP. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 and -12 have opposite effects on atherosclerotic plaque stability. Atherosclerosis. 2003; 169: 199.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000140739.45472.9c"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.32.4.850"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000124122.71702.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000158909.07634.83"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000141701.36371.d1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.101.7.744"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.68.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-004-1304-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000140740.19421.fe"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000144681.46696.b3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000146787.16297.e8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvb.18.5.677"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.16.7908-d"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"1091","volume":"36","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lovett JK, Redgrave JNE, Rothwell PM. A critical appraisal of the performance, reporting, and interpretation of studies comparing carotid plaque imaging with histology. Stroke. 2005; 36.5; 1091\u20131097.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.94.5.932"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.105.2.181"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000028591.44554.f9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.0000149867.61851.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2232010659"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000048145.52309.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01754-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.0000149673.00564.0a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000074222.61572.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000074204.92443.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.104.504167"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000147287.23741.9a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.103.4.604"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.6.1399"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20188"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","first-page":"219","volume":"40","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weissleder R, Mahmood U. Molecular imaging. Radiology. 2001; 40: 219\u2013316.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.7.855"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000068315.98705.cc"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000131268.50418.b7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.0000119321.18573.5a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10532"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"2270","volume":"4","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winter PM, Morawski AM, Caruthers SD, Fuhrhop RW, Zhang H, Williams TA, Allen JS, Lacy EK, Robertson JD, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in early-stage atherosclerosis with alpha (v) beta3-integrin-targeted nanoparticles. Circulation. 2003; 4:108: 2270\u20132274.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1417"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000017860.20619.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm782"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200404013501425"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000020548.60110.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-001-0033-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","first-page":"331","volume":"24","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, Cimminiello C, Csiba L, Kaste M, Leys D, Matias-Guiu J, Rupprecht HJ, for the MATCH Investigators. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in high risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind-controled trial. Lancet. 2004; 24:364: 331\u2013337.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000163561.90680.1c"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043033"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000147965.52712.fa"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.103.7.926"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000158921.51037.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000157667.06542.b7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000097003.49585.5e"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","first-page":"1912","volume":"7","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levitt NC, Eskens FA, O\u2019Byrne KJ, Propper DJ, Denis LJ, Owen SJ, Choi L, Foekens JA, Wilner S, Wood JM, Nakajima M, Talbot DC, Steward WP, Harris AL, Verweij J. Phase I and pharmacological study of the oral matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, MMI270 (CGS27023A), in patients with advanced solid cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001; 7: 1912\u20131922.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Stroke"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000190895.51934.43","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T21:26:51Z","timestamp":1715549211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000190895.51934.43"}},"subtitle":["Current Imaging Methods and New Perspectives"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/01.STR.0000190895.51934.43"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.0000190895.51934.43","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-2499","1524-4628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-2499","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-06-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-08-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-11-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}