{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:13:33Z","timestamp":1791112413472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Background and Purpose\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Whether or not combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) alone directly contributes to accelerating atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients has not been studied in depth. This study aimed to ascertain the relationship between this therapy and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis according to cardiovascular risk.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Methods\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Sixty-eight HIV-infected patients with \u22641 cardiovascular risk factors and 64 with \u22652 risk factors completed the study protocol consisting of clinical, laboratory, and vascular evaluation by carotid high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with the presence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, defined by carotid intima-media thickness &gt;0.8 mm or the presence of plaque being the dependent variable.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Results\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Among the 132 enrolled patients, 93 (70.5%) were on CART and 39 (29.5%) had never been on antiretroviral therapy. In accordance with cardiovascular risk stratification, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis was found in 26.6% (17 of 64 patients) of the very low\u2013risk group (10-year coronary risk &lt;5%), 35.3% (12 of 34 patients) of the low-risk group (10-year coronary risk between 5% and 9%) and 76.5% (26 of 34 patients) of the moderate\/high-risk group (10-year coronary risk \u226510%). Thus, 55 (41.7%) of the 132 HIV-infected patients had subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and independent variables associated with carotid atherosclerosis (odds ratio; 95% CI) were: CART exposure (10.5; 2.8 to 39) and 10-year coronary risk \u226510% (4.2; 1.5 to 12). In very low coronary risk patients (&lt;5%), age (per 10-year increment: 4.01; 1.12 to 14.38), systolic blood pressure (per unit mm Hg 1.07; 1.01 to 1.14), and CART exposure (8.65; 1.54 to 48.54) were independently associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            CART should be considered a strong, independent predictor for the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients, regardless of known major cardiovascular risk factors and atherogenic metabolic abnormalities induced by this therapy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000204037.26797.7f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,27]],"date-time":"2006-01-27T02:03:36Z","timestamp":1138327416000},"page":"812-817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Jerico\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernando","family":"Knobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahum","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u0301a L.","family":"Sorli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Guelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan L.","family":"Gimeno-Bayo\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Saballs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose\u0301 L.","family":"Lo\u0301pez-Colome\u0301s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Pedro-Botet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Medicine (C.J., H.K., M.L.S., A.G., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.) and Radiology IDIMAS-CRC Mar (N.C.), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; and the Universidad Auto\u0301noma de Barcelona (C.J., H.K., J.L.G.-B., P.S., J.L.L.-C., J.P.-B.), Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09341-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304001-00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305230-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.100.7.700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001280-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200102160-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200311210-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316261"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"1","volume":"41","year":"1992","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. 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