{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:04:14Z","timestamp":1789949054546,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background and Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n            Activation of glial cells and rarefaction of the white matter have been reported in rat brain after bilateral permanent occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Using this model, we investigated the effects of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A on the activation of glial cells and the white matter rarefaction.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n            Both common carotid arteries were ligated bilaterally in 40 male Wistar rats. Twenty-two of these rats received an intraperitoneal injection of cyclosporin A, and the remaining 18 received a vehicle-solution injection. Microglia\/macrophages were investigated with immunohistochemistry for the major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens as well as for leukocyte common antigen. Astroglia were examined with glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker. Activation of glial cells and white matter rarefaction were then investigated from 7 to 30 days after the ligation.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n            In vehicle-treated animals, there was a persistent and extensive activation of both microglia\/macrophages and astroglia in the white matter, including the optic nerve, optic tract, corpus callosum, internal capsule, and traversing fiber bundles of the caudoputamen. In cyclosporin A\u2013treated rats, the number of activated microglia\/macrophages was significantly reduced (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.01) to approximately one fifth of that in vehicle-treated animals. Similarly, rarefaction of the white matter was much less intense in cyclosporin A\u2013treated rats (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt;.01).\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            Cyclosporin A suppressed both glial activation and white matter changes after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. These results suggest that immunologic reaction may play a role in the pathogenesis of the white matter changes and that the present model may be useful in investigating the pathophysiology of white matter changes induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.26.8.1415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1308341283000},"page":"1415-1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Protective Effect of Cyclosporin A on White Matter Changes in the Rat Brain After Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Wakita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Tomimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Akiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.17.6.3810706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460118023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.12.1337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1991.00530150061019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.24.9.8362428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.22.5.2028490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710004676X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196307000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"579","volume":"143","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tomimoto H, Akiguchi I, Akiyama H, Kimura J, Yanagihara T. 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