{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:48:51Z","timestamp":1778730531058,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background and Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n            Echo contrast agents have been shown to provide conclusive examinations in most patients with insufficient ultrasound penetration through the temporal bone. We investigated the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced (CE) transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCD) in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and insufficient temporal windows and evaluated TCCD criteria that predict whether CE-TCCD studies may become conclusive.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n            Thirty-three patients presenting with ischemic strokes (n=21) and transient ischemic attacks (n=12) were investigated. Extracranial color duplex imaging showed normal findings in 24 patients, eight \u226570% stenoses and one occlusion of the carotid arteries in 8 patients, and severe occlusive disease of both vertebral arteries in 1 patient. Seven carotid stenoses and vertebral artery obstructions were confirmed by angiography. The galactose\/palmitic acid\u2013based echo contrast agent was injected intravenously as bolus of 200, 300, or 400 mg\/mL in a dosage of 10, 5, and 5 mL, respectively.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n            Thirty-two of the 33 patients were completely examined because 1 patient who felt pain at the injection site declined further investigations. Twenty-one (66%) of 32 CE studies were conclusive and showed cross-flow through three anterior and two posterior communicating arteries, but no stenoses and occlusions. Precontrast identification of any cerebral artery provided an overall accuracy of 97% in predicting a conclusive CE investigation. Precontrast TCCD identified no arterial Doppler signals in patients with inconclusive CE studies.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            CE-TCCD provided conclusive examinations in two thirds of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and ultrasound-refractory temporal windows. Precontrast detection of any cerebral artery reliably predicted a conclusive CE investigation.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.28.12.2473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1308341283000},"page":"2473-2478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ralf W.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Go\u0308nner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwan","family":"Staikow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Rivoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rene\u0301 M.","family":"Mu\u0308ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.25.7.7912863"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.4.680"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"127","volume":"18","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baumgartner RW, Baumgartner I, Mattle HP, Schroth G. 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