{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:45:23Z","timestamp":1774979123913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background and Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014We sought to investigate the association of cigarette smoking with high-grade carotid artery stenosis in Hispanic, black, and white patients with cerebral ischemia in two independent samples.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Prospectively collected data from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS) (n=431) and the Berlin Cerebral Ischemia Databank (BCID) (n=483) were used separately for a cross-sectional study estimating the association between cigarette smoking and high-grade carotid stenosis (defined as a luminal narrowing of \u226560%, diagnosed by duplex and\/or Doppler ultrasound). In both studies, cerebral ischemia patients with normal sonographic findings or nonstenosing plaques of their carotid arteries served as a comparison group. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical tests to determine the association between smoking and the dependent variable for high-grade carotid stenosis. Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and race\/ethnicity were considered potential confounders. Further analyses of the NOMASS data estimated the effect of the amount of cigarette use and the impact of race\/ethnicity.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014High-grade carotid stenoses were found in 14% of the NOMASS and in 21% of the Berlin patients. In Berlin the entire sample was white, whereas in New York only 19% of the cohort were white. In both samples, smoking was independently associated with severe carotid stenosis (NOMASS: odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.0; BCID: OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.4 to 6.4). Patients smoking 20 pack-years or more showed a significant association (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.9), whereas no significant effect was found for lower amounts of cigarette use. In NOMASS, white smokers displayed a significant (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 8.9) association with high-grade carotid stenosis, the association for black smokers was less strong, and no association was found among Hispanics.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Smoking is an independent determinant of severe carotid artery stenosis in patients with focal cerebral ischemia. The association differs by race\/ethnicity, with the greatest effect observed among whites.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.29.5.908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1308341283000},"page":"908-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Cigarette Smoking as a Determinant of High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis in Hispanic, Black, and White Patients With Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Henning","family":"Mast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John L.P.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Hofmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay P.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph L.","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Stoke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia\u2013Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY (H.M., J.L.P.T., A.H., J.P.M., R.L.S.); the Stroke Unit, Neurologische Klinik, Universita\u0308tsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universita\u0308t Berlin, Berlin, Germany (H.M., C.H., P.M.); and the Department of Public Health (Epidemiology) in the Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (R.L.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720070025028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.22.3.2003301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Wolf PA Cobb JL D\u2019Agostino RB. 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