{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:31:30Z","timestamp":1791203490556,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background and Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Blood pressure is an important risk factor for stroke, but the roles of serum total and HDL cholesterol, \u03b1-tocopherol, and \u03b2-carotene are poorly established. We studied these factors in relation to stroke subtypes.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Male smokers (n=28 519) aged 50 to 69 years without a history of stroke participated in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a controlled trial to test the effect of \u03b1-tocopherol and \u03b2-carotene supplementation on cancer. From 1985 to 1993, a total of 1057 men suffered from primary stroke: 85 had subarachnoid hemorrhage; 112, intracerebral hemorrhage; 807, cerebral infarction; and 53, unspecified stroke.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014Systolic blood pressure \u2265160 mm Hg increased the risk of all stroke subtypes 2.5 to 4-fold. Serum total cholesterol was inversely associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, whereas the risk of cerebral infarction was raised at concentrations \u22657.0 mmol\/L. The risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction were lowered with serum HDL cholesterol levels \u22650.85 mmol\/L. Pretrial high serum \u03b1-tocopherol decreased the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage by half and cerebral infarction by one third, whereas high serum \u03b2-carotene doubled the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage and decreased that of cerebral infarction by one fifth.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014The risk factor profiles of stroke subtypes differ, reflecting different etiopathology. Because reducing atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic stroke, by lowering high serum cholesterol is one of the main targets in public health care, further studies are needed to distinguish subjects with risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The performance of antioxidants needs confirmation from clinical trials.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.30.12.2535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1308341283000},"page":"2535-2540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":185,"title":["Different Risk Factors for Different Stroke Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jaana M.","family":"Leppa\u0308la\u0308","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarmo","family":"Virtamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Fogelholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetrius","family":"Albanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli P.","family":"Heinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(93)90103-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.25.1.8266383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.26.9.1558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.27.3.544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.28.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6676.789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198904063201405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"367","volume":"87","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fogelholm R, Murros K. 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