{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:39:54Z","timestamp":1773146394537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>\n                <jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Background and Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                <\/jats:bold>\n                \u2014\n              <\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is detected in ischemic brain cells in experimental animal models and is believed to play an important role in apoptosis. However, the natural expression of TNF-\u03b1 during human stroke is not known.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>\n                <jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                <\/jats:bold>\n                \u2014\n              <\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            We examined TNF-\u03b1 immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase\u2013mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) in brain samples of stroke victims (n=16) after variable survival (15 hours to 18 days). Systemic TNF-\u03b1 content from a separate cohort including severe or lethal stroke cases (n=26) was also assayed.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>\n                <jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                <\/jats:bold>\n                \u2014\n              <\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Neuronal TNF-\u03b1 was demonstrated from 0.6 to 5.4 days after the onset of stroke symptoms, peaking bilaterally during days 2 and 3. Bilateral glial TNF-\u03b1 immunoreactivity was detected during the acute phase, with the astrocytic TNF-\u03b1 expression dominating in later phases and persisting contralaterally to the infarct in more matured phases (17 to 18 days). Invading inflammatory cells were TNF-\u03b1 immunopositive beginning on the third day. Besides, vascular wall structures showed immunoreactivity sporadically. TNF-\u03b1 levels were mostly nondetectable in peripheral blood. TUNEL labeling and TNF-\u03b1 staining overlapped, although not completely, during the first days.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>\n                <jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                <\/jats:bold>\n                \u2014\n              <\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            The data support the hypothesis that TNF-\u03b1 may be involved both in the acute propagation of inflammatory processes and cell death and possibly in the more delayed reconstitutive processes of human ischemic stroke.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.8.1750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T20:08:03Z","timestamp":1308341283000},"page":"1750-1758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Evolution of Cerebral Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Production During Human Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Tiina","family":"Sairanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Carpe\u0301n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marja-Liisa","family":"Karjalainen-Lindsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Paetau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Turpeinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kaste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Perttu J.","family":"Lindsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (T.S., M.K., P.J.L.); Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute (T.S., O.C., M.-L.K.-L., A.P.); Laboratory, Helsinki University Central Hospital (U.T.); and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicum (M.K., P.J.L.), Helsinki, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.2.607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.5.1743"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"49","volume":"189","year":"1989","unstructured":"Grau GE, Piguet P-F, Vassalli P, Lambert P-H. 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