{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:30:24Z","timestamp":1790717424894,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Background\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. The A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            receptor (A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R) plays a central role in many antiinflammatory effects of adenosine. However, the role of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R in atherosclerosis is not clear.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            The knockout of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R in apolipoprotein E\u2013deficient (Apoe\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            \/A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            ) mice led to an increase in body weight and levels of blood cholesterol and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the inflammation status of atherosclerotic lesions. Unexpectedly, Apoe\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            \/A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice developed smaller lesions, as did chimeric Apoe\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice lacking A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R in bone marrow\u2013derived cells (BMDCs). The lesions of those mice exhibited a low density of foam cells and the homing ability of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R-deficient monocytes did not change. Increased foam cell apoptosis was detected in atherosclerotic lesions of Apoe\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            \/A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R\n            <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            mice. In the absence of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R, macrophages incubated with oxidized LDL or in vivo\u2013formed foam cells also exhibited increased apoptosis. A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R deficiency in foam cells resulted in an increase in p38 mitogen\u2013activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation abrogated the increased apoptosis of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R-deficient foam cells.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>\n              <jats:italic>Conclusion\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:bold>\n            Inactivation of A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R, especially in BMDCs, inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic leisons, suggesting that A\n            <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n            R inactivation may be useful for the treatment of atherosclerosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.109.188839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T02:07:20Z","timestamp":1241143640000},"page":"1046-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Inactivation of the Adenosine A\n            <sub>2A<\/sub>\n            Receptor Protects Apolipoprotein E\u2013Deficient Mice From Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Blazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaodong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M University,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (H.W., W.Z., C.Z., C.B., B.R.B., Y.H.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Anesthesiology (C.Z.), New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine &amp; Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark; the Department of Neurology (J.-F.C.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; the Department of Medicine (J.L.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and the Department of Nutrition and Food Science (C.W.), Texas A&amp;M 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