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However, the serendipitous discovery of the effect of sildenafil on erectile physiology drew more attention toward nitric oxide (NO) as a vasodilator in the process of penile erection, and a recently discovered, unexpected erectile phenotype of adenosine deaminase\u2013deficient mice reemphasizes the importance of adenosine as a key regulatory of erectile status. Adenosine, like NO, is a potent and short-lived vasorelaxant that functions via cyclic nucleotide second messenger signaling to promote smooth muscle relaxation. Recent studies reviewed here show that adenosine functions to relax the corpus cavernosum and promote penile erection. Excess adenosine in penile tissue contributes to the disorder called priapism, and impaired adenosine signaling is associated with erectile dysfunction. More recent research summarized in this review reveals that adenosine functions as a key endogenous vasodilator in the initiation and maintenance of normal penile erection. This new insight highlights adenosine signaling pathways operating in penile tissue as significant therapeutic targets for the treatment of erectile disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.111.226803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T20:49:32Z","timestamp":1331758172000},"page":"845-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Adenosine Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX (J.W., Y.X.); Department of Urology; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX (J.W., Y.X.); Department of Urology; Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (J.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02741.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006153422407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01511-4","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology: XXV: nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors","volume":"53","author":"Fredholm BB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fredholm BB, AP IJ, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J . 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