{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:53:37Z","timestamp":1787018017375,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We sought to evaluate the cardiovascular impact of coding variants in the apolipoprotein L1 gene\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      that protect against trypanosome infection but have been associated with kidney disease among African Americans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As part of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort of Americans aged \u226565 years, we genotyped\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymorphisms rs73885319 and rs71785153 and examined kidney function, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident cardiovascular disease and death over 13 years of follow-up among 91 African Americans with 2 risk alleles, 707 other African Americans, and 4964 white participants. The high-risk genotype with 2 risk alleles was associated with 2-fold higher levels of albuminuria and lower ankle\u2013brachial indices but similar carotid intima\u2013media thickness among African Americans. Median survival among high-risk African Americans was 9.9 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.7\u201311.9), compared with 13.6 years (95% CI, 12.5\u201314.3) among other African Americans and 13.3 years (95% CI, 13.0\u201313.6) among whites (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.03). The high-risk genotype was also associated with increased risk for incident myocardial infarction (adjusted hazard ratio 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1\u20133.0) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.3; 95% CI 1.0\u20131.7). Albuminuria and risk for myocardial infarction and mortality were nearly identical between African Americans with 0 to 1 risk alleles and whites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype is associated with albuminuria, subclinical atherosclerosis, incident myocardial infarction, and mortality in older African Americans. African Americans without 2 risk alleles do not differ significantly in risk of myocardial infarction or mortality from whites.\n                      <jats:italic>APOL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      trypanolytic variants may account for a substantial proportion of the excess risk of chronic disease in African Americans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.115.305970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,3]],"date-time":"2015-12-03T22:09:29Z","timestamp":1449180569000},"page":"398-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["<i>APOL1<\/i>\n                    Genotype, Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease, and Death in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Mukamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Tremaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim H.","family":"Ix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis H.","family":"Kuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell P.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (K.J.M., J.T., D.J.F., M.R.P.); Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego School of Medicine (J.H.I.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA (L.H.K.); and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (R.P.T.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158136.76824.04"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0062"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2001.23775"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050493"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.232"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.226"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011040388"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0861-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011050519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310345"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X08089276"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302347"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07156.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1428"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000685"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000868"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2005.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010121234"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/748984"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-013-0368-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010060598"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00240-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200503001-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441810"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305970","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T19:10:18Z","timestamp":1715541018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.115.305970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-10-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-12-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}