{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1760043771740},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of 3 nontraditional cardiovascular disease risk factors\u2014HIV, cocaine use, and chronic hepatitis C virus infection\u2014with 3 validated markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease: carotid artery plaque, albuminuria, and aortic pulse wave velocity in a well-characterized cohort.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Approach and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              We measured carotid plaque at baseline and after 24 months, urine albumin\/creatinine ratio every 6 months, and pulse wave velocity annually for up to 36 months in a predominantly black cohort of 292 participants (100 HIV negative and 192 HIV positive). Thirty-nine percent had chronic hepatitis C virus infection and 20%, 28%, and 52% were never, past, and current cocaine users, respectively. Sixteen percent, 47%, and 64% of those with none, 1 or 2, or all 3 nontraditional risk factors had \u22652 abnormal cardiovascular disease risk markers (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.001). In fully adjusted models that included all 3 nontraditional risk factors, HIV infection was independently associated with carotid plaque progression (increase in the number of anatomic segments with plaque), albuminuria (albumin\u2013creatinine ratio &gt;30 mg\/g), albuminuria progression (doubling of albumin\u2013creatinine ratio from baseline to a value &gt;30 mg\/g), and pulse wave velocity. Cocaine use was associated with an \u22483-fold higher odds of carotid plaque at baseline, and hepatitis C virus infection was significantly associated with a higher risk of carotid plaque progression.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results suggest that HIV infection, cocaine use, and hepatitis C virus infection are important nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease and highlight the need to understand the distinct and overlapping mechanisms of the associations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.116.307985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T03:04:33Z","timestamp":1473390273000},"page":"2100-2107","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["HIV, Cocaine Use, and Hepatitis C Virus"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed G.","family":"Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek M.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison M.","family":"McFall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Zook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (G.M.L., M.G.A., D.M.F., M.M.E., K.Z.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (A.M.M.); and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (J.H.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1754"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.6698"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.957415"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000124480.32233.8A"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.6.690"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07339-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599371"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.3728"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d3b85"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv396"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518285"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200208150-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000957"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d7aa8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1681"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32811ebf79"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.795"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1468-6708-6-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease.","volume":"3","author":"Kidney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. 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