{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:45:56Z","timestamp":1793166356993,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a highly prevalent cardiovascular disorder accounting for a rising economic and social burden on aging populations. In spite of continuing study on the pathophysiology of disease, there remain no medical therapies to prevent the progression of CAVD. The discovery of biomarkers represents a potentially complementary approach in stratifying risk and timing of intervention in CAVD and has the advantage of providing insight into causal factors for the disease. Biomarkers have been studied extensively in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, with success as additive for clinical and scientific purposes. Similar research in CAVD is less robust; however, the available studies of biomarkers in CAVD show promise for enhanced clinical decision making and identification of causal factors for the disease. This comprehensive review summarizes available established and novel biomarkers in CAVD, their contributions toward an understanding of pathophysiology, their potential clinical utility, and provides an outline to direct future research in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.116.308615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T02:20:34Z","timestamp":1486088434000},"page":"623-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Biomarkers of Calcific Aortic Valve Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Aeron","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Anwaruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Guerraty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio A.","family":"Chirinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Rader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (A.S., D.K., J.G., S.A., H.S., M.G., J.A.C., D.J.R.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.F.), and Department of Genetics (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1313875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133444.17867.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.2.844"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.302523"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00563-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.01.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3282a66099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90149-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13959"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)91144-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00292-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.154989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008313430903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000135469.82545.D0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043876"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.900027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"1643","article-title":"Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease- collaborative analysis of 101 studies.","volume":"375","author":"Sarwar N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sarwar N. Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease- collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet. 2010;375:1643\u201339.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","article-title":"Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease.","volume":"302","author":"Danesh J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Danesh J. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA. 2009;302.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000097560.96431.3E"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1515"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001689"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302730"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80263-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.85.6.635"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008040349"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1400292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.21.2497"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-009-0032-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127957.43874.BB"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0838-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.682450"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Comparison of transesophageal echocardiographic analysis and circulating biomarker expression profile in calcific aortic valve disease.","volume":"22","author":"Sainger R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sainger R, Grau JB, Branchetti E, Poggio P, Lai E, Koka E, Vernick WJ, Gorman RC, Bavaria JE, Ferrari G. Comparison of transesophageal echocardiographic analysis and circulating biomarker expression profile in calcific aortic valve disease. J Heart Valve Dis. 2013;22:156\u2013165.","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.1128","article-title":"Biomarkers of calcification and atherosclerosis in patients with degenerative aortic stenosis in relation to concomitant coronary artery disease.","volume":"122","author":"Adamczyk T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adamczyk T, Mizia-Stec K, Mizia M, Haberka M, Chmiel A, Chudek J, G\u0105sior Z. Biomarkers of calcification and atherosclerosis in patients with degenerative aortic stenosis in relation to concomitant coronary artery disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2012;122:14\u201321.","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewn"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.10.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.486738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01484-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2143\/AC.58.4.2005289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.575241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(00)00074-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.11.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.808857"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-303284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.654210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2013.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101522"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/469156a"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T23:33:22Z","timestamp":1749944002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.116.308615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-01-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-02-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}