{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:45:41Z","timestamp":1787510741221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the general population, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been established as an independent causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) levels are to a major extent regulated by a size polymorphism in the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] gene. The roles of Lp(a)\/apo(a) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2013related elevated cardiovascular disease risk remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The associations between total plasma Lp(a) level, allele-specific apo(a) level, an Lp(a) level carried by individual apo(a) alleles, and common carotid artery intima\u2013media thickness were assessed in 150 HIV-infected and 100 HIV-uninfected women in the WIHS (Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study). Linear regression analyses with and without adjustments were used. The cohort was young (mean age, \u224831 years), with the majority being Blacks (\u224870%). The prevalence of a small size apo(a) (\u226422 Kringle repeats) or a high Lp(a) level (\u226530 mg\/dL) was similar by HIV status. Total plasma Lp(a) level (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.029) and allele-specific apo(a) level carried by the smaller apo(a) sizes (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.022) were significantly associated with carotid artery intima\u2013media thickness in the HIV-infected women only. After accounting for confounders (age, race, smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, hepatitis C virus coinfection, menopause, plasma lipids, treatment status, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell count, and HIV\/RNA viral load), the association remained significant for both Lp(a) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.035) and allele-specific apo(a) level carried by the smaller apo(a) sizes (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.010) in the HIV-infected women. Notably, none of the other lipids\/lipoproteins was associated with carotid artery intima\u2013media thickness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lp(a) and allele-specific apo(a) levels predict carotid artery intima\u2013media thickness in HIV-infected young women. Further research is needed to identify underlying mechanisms of an increased Lp(a) atherogenicity in HIV infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.117.309137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,23]],"date-time":"2017-03-23T21:17:40Z","timestamp":1490303860000},"page":"997-1004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lipoprotein(a) and HIV"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Byambaa","family":"Enkhmaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdembileg","family":"Anuurad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Shang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Merenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roksana","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Aouizerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardge","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igho","family":"Ofotokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adaora A.","family":"Adimora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.E., E.A., W.Z., L.B.) and Public Health Sciences (C.-S.L.), University of California, Davis; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (R. Kaplan); Department of Cardiovascular Disease, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY (J.L.); Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (D.M.); Department Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 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Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T19:17:39Z","timestamp":1715541459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309137"}},"subtitle":["Allele-Specific Apolipoprotein(a) Levels Predict Carotid Intima\u2013Media Thickness in HIV-Infected Young Women in the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.117.309137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-03-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}