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Localized inflammation and increased cell-to-cell interactions may influence polarization and proliferation of immune cells via changes in amino acid metabolism. Specifically, the amino acids\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -arginine (Arg),\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -homoarginine (hArg) and\n                    <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                    -tryptophan (Trp) have been widely studied in the context of cardiovascular disease, and their metabolism has been established as key regulators of vascular homeostasis, as well as immune cell function. Cyclic effects between endothelial cells, innate, and adaptive immune cells exist during Arg and hArg, as well as Trp metabolism, that may have distinct effects on the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, we describe the current knowledge surrounding the metabolism, biological function, and clinical perspective of Arg, hArg, and Trp in the context of atherosclerosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.118.311572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T05:00:23Z","timestamp":1547701223000},"page":"319-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Amino Acids and Their Metabolism in Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Katrin","family":"Nitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (K.N., M.L., D.A.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (K.N., M.L., D.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (K.N., M.L., D.A.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (K.N., M.L., D.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Atzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (K.N., M.L., D.A.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.A.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (K.N., M.L., D.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Wilkins E Wickramasinghe K Bhatnagar P Rayner M Townsend N. 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