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In this review, we focus on M-CSF (macrophage-CSF), GM-CSF (granulocyte-M-CSF), IL (interleukin)-3, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), and FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21). We first discuss the efficacy of targeting these growth factors in other disease contexts (ie, inflammatory\/autoimmune diseases, cancer, or metabolic disorders) and then consider arguments for or against targeting them to treat cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Visual Overview\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online visual overview is available for this article.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.119.311994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1557982834000},"page":"1275-1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Growth Factors as Immunotherapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Mindur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the 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