{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:40:56Z","timestamp":1790800856052,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adaptive immune responses are characterized by antigen specificity and induction of lifelong immunologic memory. Recently, it has been reported that innate immune cells can also build immune memory characteristics\u2014a process termed trained immunity. Trained immunity describes the persistent hyperresponsive phenotype that innate immune cells can develop after brief stimulation. Pathogenic stimuli such as microorganisms, and also endogenous molecules including uric acid, oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and catecholamines, are capable of inducing memory in monocytes and macrophages. While trained immunity provides favorable cross-protection in the context of infectious diseases, the heightened immune response can be maladaptive in diseases driven by chronic systemic inflammation, such as atherosclerosis. Trained immunity is maintained by distinct epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms and persists for at least several months in vivo due to reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells. Additionally, certain nonimmune cells are also found to exhibit trained immunity characteristics. Thus, trained immunity presents an exciting framework to develop new approaches to vaccination and also novel pharmacological targets in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T09:00:23Z","timestamp":1603357223000},"page":"55-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Trained Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Helin","family":"Tercan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-8124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Niels P.","family":"Riksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-9830","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leo A.B.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)."},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Ha\u0163ieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (L.A.B.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)."},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany (M.G.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-466X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siroon","family":"Bekkering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (H.T., N.P.R., L.A.B.J., M.G.N., S.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(98)80024-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.1989.054.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00459"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022513-114201"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2944"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206564"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0334-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz137"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315800"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-020-01915-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.1.4.3221"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.441730"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190689"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.20.3.804-810.1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(03)00181-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08659-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0023-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.020838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023192"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00298"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215782"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250684"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251086"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107548"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0298-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12110-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303936"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0128-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100897"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355628"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0402-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-6-61"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00570-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081188"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3733"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701719"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15252"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1381"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0025-4"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T23:53:57Z","timestamp":1715558037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314212"}},"subtitle":["Long-Term Adaptation in Innate Immune Responses"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314212","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}