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We previously reported that, in comparison to macrophages, a prototypic innate immune cell type, ECs have many innate immune functions that macrophages carry out, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity. In this highlight, we introduce recent advances published in both\n                    <jats:italic>ATVB<\/jats:italic>\n                    and many other journals: (1) several significant characters classify ECs as novel immune cells not only in infections and allograft transplantation but also in metabolic diseases; (2) several new receptor systems including conditional danger-associated molecular pattern receptors, nonpattern receptors, and homeostasis associated molecular patterns receptors contribute to innate immune functions of ECs; (3) immunometabolism and innate immune memory determine the innate immune functions of ECs; (4) a great induction of the immune checkpoint receptors in ECs during inflammations suggests the immune tolerogenic functions of ECs; and (5) association of immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular adverse events and cardio-oncology indicates the potential contributions of ECs as innate immune cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T14:02:30Z","timestamp":1590588150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":285,"title":["Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Centers of Inflammation, Translational, and Clinical Lung Research (Y. 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