{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:43:04Z","timestamp":1790743384297,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 emerged as a serious human pathogen in late 2019, causing the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The most common clinical presentation of severe COVID-19 is acute respiratory failure consistent with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Airway, lung parenchymal, pulmonary vascular, and respiratory neuromuscular disorders all feature in COVID-19. This article reviews what is known about the effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection on different parts of the respiratory system, clues to understanding the underlying biology of respiratory disease, and highlights current and future translation and clinical research questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T13:23:28Z","timestamp":1600781008000},"page":"2586-2597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["COVID-19 and Respiratory System Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Shari B.","family":"Brosnahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine (S.B.B., M.C.K., J.S.M., D.A.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemijn H.","family":"Jonkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Critical Care Department, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Canada (A.H.J.)."},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (A.H.J.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias C.","family":"Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine (S.B.B., M.C.K., J.S.M., D.A.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Munger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine (S.B.B., M.C.K., J.S.M., D.A.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-2681","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine (S.B.B., M.C.K., J.S.M., D.A.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200537"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Director-General\u2019s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197008272830902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4375-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1108-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"727","article-title":"COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes?","volume":"382","author":"Gattinoni L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gattinoni, L, Chiumello, D, Caironi, P, Busana, M, Romitti, F, Brazzi, L, Camporota, L. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020;382:727.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30367-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30086-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.22976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-1981OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/L20-0895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection.","volume":"126","author":"Copin M-C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Copin, M-C, Parmentier, E, Duburcq, T, Poissy, J, Mathieu, D, Caplan, M, Cousin, N, Durand, A, Goutay, J, El Kalioubie, A, et al. Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. Intensive Care Med. 2020;126:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","first-page":"507","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.","volume":"395","author":"Sungnak W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sungnak, W, Huang, N, B\u00e9cavin, C, Berg, M, Queen, R, Litvinukova, M, Talavera-L\u00f3pez, C, Maatz, H, Reichart, D, Sampaziotis, F, et al; HCA Lung Biological Network. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med. 2020;395:507.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2410OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00722-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01325-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.054460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.09.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-82"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases4030026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.6.1315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02829-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0108OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000057846.21303.AB"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00271-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0343-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0373LE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1163LE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201910-2083OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30121-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30243-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30193-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","first-page":"e138999","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19.","volume":"5","author":"Zuo Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuo, Y, Yalavarthi, S, Shi, H, Gockman, K, Zuo, M, Madison, JA, Blair, CN, Weber, A, Barnes, BJ, Egeblad, M, Woods, RJ, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight. 2020;5:e138999.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0320-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01753-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.17.12.3399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4928-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2650-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0536OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1992-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1642-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0620OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0234OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609707113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0670OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2214OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0501OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6825"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201610-1972OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201303-0539OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2776-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02953-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.116884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1081CP"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5091-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2011150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.2108041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202003-0655CP"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T23:42:48Z","timestamp":1715557368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314515"}},"subtitle":["Current Knowledge, Future Clinical and Translational Research Questions"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314515","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}