{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1792669777636,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory markers, such as hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), have been reported to be related to peripheral artery disease (PAD). Galectin-3, a biomarker of fibrosis, has been linked to vascular remodeling and atherogenesis. However, its prospective association with incident PAD is unknown; as is the influence of inflammation on the association between galectin-3 and PAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 9851 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants free of PAD at baseline (1996\u20131998), we quantified the association of galactin-3 and hs-CRP with incident PAD (hospitalizations with PAD diagnosis [\n                      <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>Ninth Revision<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 440.2\u2013440.4] or leg revascularization [eg,\n                      <jats:italic>International Classification of Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                      -\n                      <jats:italic>Ninth Revision<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 38.18]) as well as its severe form, critical limb ischemia (PAD cases with resting pain, ulcer, gangrene, or leg amputation) using Cox models. Over a median follow-up of 17.4 years, there were 316 cases of PAD including 119 critical limb ischemia cases. Log-transformed galectin-3 was associated with incident PAD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17 [1.05\u20131.31] per 1 SD increment) and critical limb ischemia (1.25 [1.05\u20131.49] per 1 SD increment). The association was slightly attenuated after further adjusting for hs-CRP (1.14 [1.02\u20131.27] and 1.22 [1.02\u20131.45], respectively). Log-transformed hs-CRP demonstrated robust associations with PAD and critical limb ischemia even after adjusting for galectin-3 (adjusted hazard ratio per 1 SD increment 1.34 [1.18\u20131.52] and 1.34 [1.09\u20131.65], respectively). The addition of galectin-3 and hs-CRP to traditional atherosclerotic predictors (C statistic of the base model 0.843 [0.815\u20130.871]) improved the risk prediction of PAD (\u0394C statistics, 0.011 [0.002\u20130.020]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Galectin-3 and hs-CRP were independently associated with incident PAD in the general population, supporting the involvement of fibrosis and inflammation in the pathophysiology of PAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.314824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T05:01:01Z","timestamp":1595480461000},"page":"2322-2331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Fibrosis and Inflammatory Markers and Long-Term Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoshana H.","family":"Ballew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey A.","family":"Kalbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences at Clemson University (C.A.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"},{"name":"National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, National University of Ireland, Galway (J.W.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (D.A.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron C.","family":"Hoogeveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.C.H., C.M.B.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Nambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (V.N.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Selvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., J.C., K.M.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron R.","family":"Folsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.R.F.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Heiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (G.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Coresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (N.D., C.Y., S.H.B., J.W.M., M.S., E.S., 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