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TI can occur in innate immune cells such as monocytes\/macrophages, natural killer cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and nonimmune cells, such as fibroblast. In this brief review, we analyze the significance of TI in ECs, which are also considered as innate immune cells in addition to macrophages. TI can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including lipopolysaccharides, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), which are defined as risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, TI in ECs is functional for inflammation effectiveness and transition to chronic inflammation. Rewiring of cellular metabolism of the trained cells takes place during induction of TI, including increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis, increased accumulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and acetyl-coenzyme A production, as well as increased mevalonate synthesis. Subsequently, this leads to epigenetic remodeling, resulting in important changes in chromatin architecture that enables increased gene transcription and enhanced proinflammatory immune response. However, TI pathways and inflammatory pathways are separated to ensure memory stays when inflammation undergoes resolution. Additionally, reactive oxygen species play context-dependent roles in TI. Therefore, TI plays significant roles in EC and macrophage pathology and chronic inflammation. However, further characterization of TI in ECs and macrophages would provide novel insights into cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphic Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A graphic abstract is available for this article.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.120.315452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T05:00:29Z","timestamp":1609390829000},"page":"1032-1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-1454","authenticated-orcid":true,"suffix":"IV","given":"Charles","family":"Drummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Centers for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research and Thrombosis Research (C.D., F.S., Y. 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