{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:43:51Z","timestamp":1793123031523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Exposure to tobacco or marijuana smoke, or e-cigarette aerosols, causes vascular endothelial dysfunction in humans and rats. We aimed to determine what constituent, or class of constituents, of smoke is responsible for endothelial functional impairment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We investigated several smoke constituents that we hypothesized to mediate this effect by exposing rats and measuring arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) pre- and post-exposure. We measured FMD before and after inhalation of sidestream smoke from research cigarettes containing normal and reduced nicotine level with and without menthol, as well as 2 of the main aldehyde gases found in both smoke and e-cigarette aerosol (acrolein and acetaldehyde), and inert carbon nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              FMD was reduced by all 4 kinds of research cigarettes, with extent of reduction ranging from 20% to 46% depending on the cigarette type. While nicotine was not required for the impairment, higher nicotine levels in smoke were associated with a greater percent reduction of FMD (41.1\u00b14.5% reduction versus 19.2\u00b19.5%;\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.047). Lower menthol levels were also associated with a greater percent reduction of FMD (18.5\u00b19.8% versus 40.5\u00b14.8%;\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.048). Inhalation of acrolein or acetaldehyde gases at smoke-relevant concentrations impaired FMD by roughly 50% (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.001). However, inhalation of inert carbon nanoparticles at smoke-relevant concentrations with no gas phase also impaired FMD by a comparable amount (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001). Bilateral cervical vagotomy blocked the impairment of FMD by tobacco smoke.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is no single constituent or class of constituents responsible for acute impairment of endothelial function by smoke; rather, we propose that acute endothelial dysfunction by disparate inhaled products is caused by vagus nerve signaling initiated by airway irritation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.122.318051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T12:58:43Z","timestamp":1749041923000},"page":"1324-1332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Impairment of Endothelial Function by Cigarette Smoke Is Not Caused by a Specific Smoke Constituent, but by Vagal Input From the Airway"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-9205","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pooneh","family":"Nabavizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.N., J.L., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Now with Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.N., J.L., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-6133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Poonam","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (P.R., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Now with CHRISTUS Good Shepherd\/Texas A&amp;M University Internal Medicine Residency Program, Longview, TX (P.R.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharina","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Now with NLO European Patent and Trademark Attorneys, The Hague, Netherlands (S.I.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-915X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronak","family":"Derakhshandeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8625-8974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huiliang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-5209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoyin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-6672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanton A.","family":"Glantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.N., J.L., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (P.R., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-3077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suzaynn F.","family":"Schick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (S.F.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-8234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute (P.N., J.L., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Division of Cardiology (P.R., S.I., D.D.H., R.D., H.Q., X.W., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."},{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education (P.R., S.A.G., M.L.S.), University of California\u201a San Francisco."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.88.5.2149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601183340303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y06-030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019190562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.2.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18001\/TRS.6.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4101.097525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000066691.52789.BE"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700275p"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(01)01732-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.105153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.4.1126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-052961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx181"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"CDC. Menthol and Cigarettes. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/basic_information\/tobacco_industry\/menthol-cigarettes\/index.html. 2020. Accessed February 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.041954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809890"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.066902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-188383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00867.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000127083.88549.58"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01085-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6b00489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.857888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93147-f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.089755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00811.2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5891-0_70"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.1.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00182.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.140.suppl_1.14428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","unstructured":"FDA. FDA Proposes rules prohibiting menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars to prevent youth initiation significantly reduce tobacco-related disease and death. 2022. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-proposes-rules-prohibiting-menthol-cigarettes-and-flavored-cigars-prevent-youth-initiation. Accessed May 11 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00878.2020"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T12:58:45Z","timestamp":1749041925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.122.318051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}