{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:03:12Z","timestamp":1790326992321,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular malformations that can occur in virtually all tissues throughout the body, most commonly in the brain, lungs, and cutaneous tissue. AVM pathophysiology is dynamic and multifactorial with multiple contributing cell types and biological processes. Inflammation and perivascular accumulation of macrophages are well-recognized components of AVM pathophysiology that have been demonstrated for decades in both patient AVM tissue and animal models. Despite the clinical and preclinical data identifying a role for macrophages in AVM pathophysiology, it remains poorly understood how macrophages mechanistically contribute to AVM initiation and progression. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies leveraging clinical AVM samples are beginning to shed new light on macrophage diversity in AVM tissue and direct macrophage-mediated effects on endothelial cell signaling pathways. This review will focus on fundamental aspects of AVM pathophysiology, mechanisms of macrophage-mediated vascular remodeling in AVMs, and potential future research directions focused on macrophage-mediated mechanisms in AVM pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.125.323163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T09:00:38Z","timestamp":1782378038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macrophage-Mediated Mechanisms of Vascular Remodeling in Arteriovenous Malformations"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nhi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee (N.N., A.D.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-5258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Spearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children\u2019s Wisconsin, Herma Heart Institute, Milwaukee (N.N., A.D.S.)."},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (A.D.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510053331407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01386-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d18070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI172837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-024-09953-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X251319913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-025-09997-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.08.13.670104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bvth.2026.100155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12555569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00068.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000333306.64683.b5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04328-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1254CI"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9090309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.124.005061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1294-345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0696-189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15732-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4844"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2024.1504612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2016-012485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.11.JNS202031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-025-04115-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.973964"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1210563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000107730.66603.51"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.647982"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-014-9436-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.211037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-016-9519-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi7377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241236008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86150-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2025.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.639161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2020.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03059-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02556.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.5.1208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01113-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.atv.15.8.1145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.121.316233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00525.2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.255216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1527-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06007-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1058337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.101731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1525567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21217-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(99)00257-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00260.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ade0385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.08.693095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48589-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.6.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201008-1303OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.12.2145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14670\/HH-18-129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1994.tb00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1304478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-053504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-611046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1169471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2908288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02516-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1563800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2005.035451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-1337-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2025.100475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00751-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09018-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8648-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1569271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.323505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.126.324694"}],"container-title":["Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.323163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:00:57Z","timestamp":1784743257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.323163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/ATVBAHA.125.323163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.125.323163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1079-5642","1524-4636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1079-5642","type":"print"},{"value":"1524-4636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}