{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:31:32Z","timestamp":1785526292735,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ApoB (apolipoprotein B)-containing lipoproteins are causal risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Since LL-37 (human cathelicidin peptide) binds to ApoB-100 in this pathological context, we investigated whether the circulating LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 complex could serve as a biomarker for CAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed surface plasmon resonance and protein-protein docking to demonstrate the direct LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 interaction. We developed a specific polyclonal antibody against the complex and measured its levels in human atherosclerotic plaques and plasma, as well as in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apoe<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. An observational case-control study of 1103 patients undergoing coronary angiography from 2 independent centers assessed the association between LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 and obstructive CAD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified that LL-37 directly interacted with multiple distinct binding sites on ApoB-100. Plasma levels of LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 complex were significantly elevated in human patients with atherosclerosis. Consistently, levels of this complex were positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Apoe<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. In the observational cohort from center 1, plasma LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 levels were also significantly elevated in patients with obstructive CAD and strongly correlated with disease severity (Gensini score;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.60,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis further demonstrated that LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 was a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of obstructive CAD, with an area under the curve of 0.82 (95% CIs, 0.81\u20130.85,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). After adjustment for lipid and clinical measures, elevated LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 levels remained an independent predictor of obstructive CAD, with an adjusted odds ratio of 6.51 (95% CI, 4.34\u20139.77,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) for the upper quartiles. Observational analyses in center 2 showed consistent results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 levels are strongly associated with angiographically documented CAD, highlighting LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 as an independent predictor for CAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.125.323486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:00:19Z","timestamp":1775725219000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["LL-37\u2013ApoB-100 Complex Serves as a Biomarker of Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7064-2223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaqun","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic &amp; Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution &amp; Animal Models, Sino-African Joint Research Center, and New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (Y.F., Z.Z., Q.C., Z.D., G.W., J.G., M.L., Z.S.M., Z.W., R.C., Q.L., R.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic &amp; Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution &amp; Animal Models, Sino-African Joint Research Center, and New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (Y.F., Z.Z., Q.C., Z.D., G.W., J.G., M.L., Z.S.M., Z.W., R.C., Q.L., R.L.)."},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (Z.Z.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6769-3941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiqi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic &amp; Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution &amp; Animal Models, Sino-African Joint Research Center, and New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (Y.F., Z.Z., Q.C., Z.D., G.W., J.G., M.L., Z.S.M., Z.W., R.C., Q.L., R.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5985-0499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory\/Yunnan Innovation Team of Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China (Ya Li, Y.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4516-8638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory\/Yunnan Innovation Team of Clinical Laboratory and Diagnosis, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. 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