{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:21:45Z","timestamp":1778340105434,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ATVB"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary unsaturated fat, protein, and carbohydrate have well-established effects on HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels, but whether these effects are connected causally to coronary heart disease (CHD) has been called into question. Protein-based minor HDL subspecies are emerging as novel and likely causal biomarkers, direct or inverse, for risk of CHD, diabetes, and other conditions. HDL-raising drugs such as CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibitors raise certain HDL subspecies that have adverse effects on CHD risk. We hypothesize that dietary unsaturated fat, protein, and carbohydrate differentially affect 15 minor protein-based HDL subspecies with diverse functionality in lipid metabolism, antioxidation, immunity, hemostasis, and protease inhibition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed the apo (apolipoprotein) A1 concentrations of 15 minor HDL subspecies after 4 weeks on each diet in 141 participants in the OmniHeart trial (Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease), a randomized 3-period crossover, controlled feeding study. The diet rich in carbohydrate contained 58% carbohydrate, 27% fat, and 15% protein, and the diets rich in unsaturated fat and protein replaced 10% of carbohydrate with unsaturated fat or protein, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unsaturated fat replacing dietary carbohydrate increased concentrations of apoA1 in lipid metabolism subspecies including HDL that contains apoA2, apoE, or apoC1 that has been associated with reduced risk of CHD. Protein replacing carbohydrate increased apoE HDL, consistent with lower CHD risk, and decreased concentrations of several other HDL subspecies that were associated with higher risk of CHD including HDL that contains PLMG (plasminogen), A2M (alpha-2-macroglobulin), or apoL1. Network analysis showed connections between functional groups of HDL subspecies that are quantitatively affected by dietary macronutrients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Replacing dietary carbohydrate with unsaturated fat or protein raised levels of protein-based HDL subspecies associated with lower risk of CHD or lowered the levels of those associated with higher risk of CHD. Minor HDL subspecies with diverse functions may mediate the association of dietary patterns with risk of CHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>REGISTRATION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      URL:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Unique identifier: NCT00051350.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.125.323709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T14:19:51Z","timestamp":1764685191000},"page":"251-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Partially Replacing Dietary Carbohydrate With Unsaturated Fat or Protein Shifts Protein-Based HDL Subspecies Toward Lower Coronary Heart Disease Risk"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (B.Z., J.D.F., A.B.A., B.G., F.M.S.)."},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry (B.Z., S.Y.), Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Japan."},{"name":"Information Technology Center, Fukuoka University, Japan (B.Z.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (B.Z., J.D.F., A.B.A., B.G., F.M.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-6876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allison B.","family":"Andraski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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