{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:53:51Z","timestamp":1779206031549,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), optimization of left ventricular (LV) stimulation timing is often time consuming. We hypothesized that the QRS vector in the vectorcardiogram (VCG) reflects electric interventricular dyssynchrony, and that the QRS vector amplitude (VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              ), halfway between that during left bundle branch block (LBBB) and LV pacing, reflects optimal resynchronization, and can be used for easy optimization of CRT.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In 24 canine hearts with LBBB (12 acute, 6 with heart failure, and 6 with myocardial infarction), the LV was paced over a wide range of atrioventricular (AV) delays. Surface ECGs were recorded from the limb leads, and VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              was calculated in the frontal plane. Mechanical interventricular dyssynchrony (MIVD) was determined as the time delay between upslopes of LV and right ventricular pressure curves, and systolic function was assessed as LV dP\/dt\n              <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n              . VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              and MIVD were highly correlated (\n              <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.94). The VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              halfway between that during LV pacing with short AV delay and intrinsic LBBB activation accurately predicted the optimal AV delay for LV pacing (1 ms; 95% CI, \u20135 to 8ms). Increase in LV dP\/dt\n              <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n              at the VCG predicted AV delay was only slightly lower than the highest observed \u2206LV dP\/dt\n              <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n              (\u20132.7%; 95% CI, \u20133.6 to \u20131.8%). Inability to reach the halfway value of VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              during simultaneous biventricular pacing (53% of cases) was associated with suboptimal hemodynamic response, which could be corrected by sequential pacing.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The VA\n              <jats:sub>QRS<\/jats:sub>\n              reflects electric interventricular dyssynchrony and accurately predicts optimal timing of LV stimulation in canine LBBB hearts. Therefore, VCG may be useful as a reliable and easy tool for individual optimization of CRT.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.111.966358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T00:15:42Z","timestamp":1335399342000},"page":"544-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Vectorcardiography as a Tool for Easy Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Canine Left Bundle Branch Block Hearts"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Caroline J.M.","family":"van Deursen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Strik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard M.","family":"Rademakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"van Hunnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliane","family":"Wecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry J.G.M","family":"Crijns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Vernooy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frits W.","family":"Prinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (C.J.M.vD., M.S., L.M.R., A.vH., M.K., L.W., F.W.P.), Department of Cardiology (H.J.G.M.C., K.V.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9203-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00641.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.109.931865"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.108.846022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00051.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2007.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.102229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.23.2993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.12.1567"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.25.3053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.992552"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2008.01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"2","article-title":"Results 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Results From The Freedom Trial - Assess The Safety And Efficiacy Of Frequent Optimization Of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. 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