{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T09:36:45Z","timestamp":1792575405863,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) are electric diseases characterized by catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Unbalanced autonomic innervation of the heart may trigger arrhythmic events and stellectomy is a treatment option for patients who are resistant to pharmacological drugs. We analyzed left stellectomy specimens of LQTS and CPVT patients for signs of inflammatory activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stellate ganglia were retrieved from 12 consecutive patients (8F; 4 mol\/L; mean age, 23.4\u00b117 years) with either LQTS (n=8) or CPVT (n=4) and serious arrhythmias. Control stellate ganglia were obtained from 10 accidently deceased patients (6F; 4 mol\/L; mean age, 35\u00b117.6 years). Sections were immunostained with antibodies against T cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, Granzyme B), CD68 (macrophages), and HLA-DR (human leukocyte antigen-DR) antigens (activation marker). Immunopositive cells were quantified as cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were performed to screen for herpes virus DNA. Stellate ganglia of all 12 LQTS\/CPVT patients revealed mild but distinct inflammatory infiltrates composed of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which were diffusely spread, but also clustered in small foci opposed to ganglion cells, interpreted as T-cell\u2013mediated ganglionitis. Morphometric analysis showed that CD3+ and CD8+ T cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      were significantly higher in the ganglia of LQTS\/CPVT cases than in healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0018 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0009, respectively). Molecular analyses were negative for neurotropic viruses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T-cell\u2013mediated cytotoxicity toward ganglion cells may boost adrenergic activity as to trigger or enhance electric instability in LQTS\/CPVT patients who are already genetically predisposed to arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.113.001184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T23:54:24Z","timestamp":1392422064000},"page":"224-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["T-Cell\u2013Mediated Inflammatory Activity in the Stellate Ganglia of Patients With Ion-Channel Disease and Severe Ventricular Arrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stefania","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Troost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Aronica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Frigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine H.G.","family":"Driessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Thiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur A.M.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allard C.","family":"van der Wal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (S.R., C.B., A.C.F., G.T.); and Department of Pathology (S.R., D.T., E.A., A.C.v.d.W.), Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Centre (A.H.G.D.), and Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre (A.A.M.W.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.2.196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.4.485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.0000038886.18992.6b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(75)90089-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197110142851607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-68-3-591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197002052820616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000125523.14403.1e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2009.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.112.971754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000080322.67408.b4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.2.782"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000020013.73106.D8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"304, 306, 308","article-title":"RNA extracted from paraffin-embedded human tissues is amenable to analysis by PCR amplification.","volume":"11","author":"Stanta G","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stanta G, Schneider C. 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