{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:34:31Z","timestamp":1793604871373,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Racial and ethnic minorities are under-represented in clinical trials of primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). This analysis investigates the association between primary prevention ICDs and mortality among Medicare, racial\/ethnic minority patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Data from Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry and National Cardiovascular Data Registry\u2019s ICD Registry were used to perform an adjusted comparative effectiveness analysis of primary prevention ICDs in Medicare, racial\/ethnic minority patients (nonwhite race or Hispanic ethnicity). Mortality data were obtained from the Medicare denominator file. The relationship of ICD with survival was compared between minority and white non-Hispanic patients. Our analysis included 852 minority patients, 426 ICD and 426 matched non-ICD patients, and 2070 white non-Hispanic patients (1035 ICD and 1035 matched non-ICD patients). Median follow-up was 3.1 years. Median age was 73 years, and median ejection fraction was 23%. Adjusted 3-year mortality rates for minority ICD and non-ICD patients were 44.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44.2%\u201345.7%) and 54.3% (95% CI, 53.4%\u201355.1%), respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63\u20130.98;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.034). White non-Hispanic patients receiving an ICD had lower adjusted 3-year mortality rates of 47.8% (95% CI, 47.3%\u201348.3%) compared with 57.3% (95% CI, 56.8%\u201357.9%) for those with no ICD (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.67%\u20130.83%;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.0001). There was no significant interaction between race\/ethnicity and lower mortality risk with ICD (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.70).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Primary prevention ICDs are associated with lower mortality in nonwhite and Hispanic patients, similar to that seen in white, non-Hispanic patients. These data support a similar approach to ICD patient selection, regardless of race or ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.114.001878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,13]],"date-time":"2014-12-13T04:37:53Z","timestamp":1418445473000},"page":"145-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Older Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sean D.","family":"Pokorney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne S.","family":"Hellkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clyde W.","family":"Yancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley H.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Hammill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Masoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak L.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein R.","family":"Al-Khalidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Heidenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Anstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg C.","family":"Fonarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana M.","family":"Al-Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center (S.D.P., E.D.P., S.M.A.-K.), Duke Clinical Research Institute (S.D.P., A.S.H., L.H.C., E.D.P., H.R.A.-K., K.J.A., S.M.A.-K.), Durham, NC; Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (C.W.Y.); Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (S.C.H.); Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver (F.A.M.); Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199308263290902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.13.1525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.13.1517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383","article-title":"Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score.","volume":"39","author":"Rosenbaum PR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. 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