{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:32:22Z","timestamp":1783557142557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is increasing evidence that endurance exercise is associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unknown if the relationship between endurance exercise and AF is dependent on an atrial myopathy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Six cardiac-specific TGF (transforming growth factor)-\u03b21 transgenic and 6 wild-type (WT) goats were utilized for these studies. Pacemakers were implanted in all animals for continuous arrhythmia monitoring and AF inducibility. AF inducibility was evaluated using 5 separate 10 s bursts of atrial pacing (160\u2013200 ms). Three months of progressive endurance exercise (up to 90 minutes at 4.5 mph) was performed. Quantitative assessment of circulating microRNAs and inflammatory biomarkers was performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Sustained AF (\u226530 s) was induced with 10 s of atrial pacing in 4 out of 6 transgenic goats compared with 0 out of 6 WT controls at baseline (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.05). No spontaneous AF was observed at baseline. Interestingly, between 2 and 3 months of exercise 3 out of 6 transgenic animals developed self-terminating spontaneous AF compared with 0 out of 6 WT animals (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.05). There was an increase in AF inducibility in both transgenic and WT animals during the first 2 months of exercise with partial normalization at 3 months (transgenic 67%; 100%; 83% versus WT 0%; 67%; 17%). These changes in AF susceptibility were associated with a decrease in circulating microRNA-21 and microRNA-29 during the first 2 months of exercise with partial normalization at 3 months in both transgenic and WT animals. Finally, MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9) was increased during the second and third months of exercise training.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study demonstrates a novel transgenic goat model of cardiac fibrosis (TGF-\u03b21 overexpression) to demonstrate that endurance exercise in the setting of an underlying atrial myopathy increases the incidence of spontaneous AF. Furthermore, endurance exercise seems to increase inducible AF secondary to altered expression of key profibrotic biomarkers that is independent of the presence of an atrial myopathy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circep.119.007499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T10:03:16Z","timestamp":1573466596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spontaneous Atrial Fibrillation in Transgenic Goats With TGF (Transforming Growth Factor)-\u03b21 Induced Atrial Myopathy With Endurance Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Misha","family":"Regouski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oxana","family":"Galenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT (O.G., V.J., T.J.B., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Doleac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Scientific, Inc, Minneapolis, MN (J.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT (O.G., V.J., T.J.B., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Liechty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (D.L., P.M.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Jared","family":"Bunch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT (O.G., V.J., T.J.B., M.J.C.)."},{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (T.J.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (D.L., P.M.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heloisa M.","family":"Rutigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Polejaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT (O.G., V.J., T.J.B., M.J.C.)."},{"name":"Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan (M.R., A.L.O., K.L.W., T.J.B., H.M.R., I.A.P., M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2014.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000129579.59664.9d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2006.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.04.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12830"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0636-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-010-9165-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790226129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.301798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(04)00045-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.01.091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8 ed. 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