{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:09:52Z","timestamp":1791166192735,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ Cardiovasc Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A barrier to statin therapy is myopathy associated with elevated systemic drug exposure. Our objective was to examine the association between clinical and pharmacogenetic variables and statin concentrations in patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In total, 299 patients taking atorvastatin or rosuvastatin were prospectively recruited at an outpatient referral center. The contribution of clinical variables and transporter gene polymorphisms to statin concentration was assessed using multiple linear regression. We observed 45-fold variation in statin concentration among patients taking the same dose. After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, ethnicity, dose, and time from last dose,\n              <jats:italic>SLCO1B1<\/jats:italic>\n              c.521T&gt;C (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.001) and\n              <jats:italic>ABCG2<\/jats:italic>\n              c.421C&gt;A (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.01) were important to rosuvastatin concentration (adjusted\n              <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              =0.56 for the final model). Atorvastatin concentration was associated with\n              <jats:italic>SLCO1B1<\/jats:italic>\n              c.388A&gt;G (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.01) and c.521T&gt;C (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.05) and 4\u03b2-hydroxycholesterol, a CYP3A activity marker (adjusted\n              <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              =0.47). A second cohort of 579 patients from primary and specialty care databases were retrospectively genotyped. In this cohort, genotypes associated with statin concentration were not differently distributed among dosing groups, implying providers had not yet optimized each patient\u2019s risk\u2013benefit ratio. Nearly 50% of patients in routine practice taking the highest doses were predicted to have statin concentrations greater than the 90th percentile.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Interindividual variability in statin exposure in patients is associated with uptake and efflux transporter polymorphisms. An algorithm incorporating genomic and clinical variables to avoid high atorvastatin and rosuvastatin levels is described; further study will determine whether this approach reduces incidence of statin myopathy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circgenetics.113.000099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T01:22:50Z","timestamp":1374542570000},"page":"400-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Circulating Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin Concentrations in Routine Clinical Care"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marianne K.","family":"DeGorter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rommel G.","family":"Tirona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute I.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George K.","family":"Dresser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neville","family":"Suskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GuangYong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otito","family":"Iwuchukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Qi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Hegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (O.I., W.-Q.W., R.A.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Medicine (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., G.K.D., N.S., K.M., R.A.H., R.B.K.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.K.D., R.G.T., U.I.S., R.B.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Y.-H.C., N.S., G.Y.Z.), and Robarts Research Institute (R.A.H.), The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; 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