{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:25:10Z","timestamp":1789809910907,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ Cardiovasc Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Obesity is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Early prediction of obesity is essential for prevention. The aim of this study is to assess the use of childhood clinical factors and the genetic risk factors in predicting adulthood obesity using machine learning methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              A total of 2262 participants from the Cardiovascular Risk in YFS (Young Finns Study) were followed up from childhood (age 3\u201318 years) to adulthood for 31 years. The data were divided into training (n=1625) and validation (n=637) set. The effect of known genetic risk factors (97 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) was investigated as a weighted genetic risk score of all 97 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (WGRS97) or a subset of 19 most significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (WGRS19) using boosting machine learning technique. WGRS97 and WGRS19 were validated using external data (n=369) from BHS (Bogalusa Heart Study). WGRS19 improved the accuracy of predicting adulthood obesity in training (area under the curve [AUC=0.787 versus AUC=0.744,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.0001) and validation data (AUC=0.769 versus AUC=0.747,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.026). WGRS97 improved the accuracy in training (AUC=0.782 versus AUC=0.744,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.0001) but not in validation data (AUC=0.749 versus AUC=0.747,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              =0.785). Higher WGRS19 associated with higher body mass index at 9 years and WGRS97 at 6 years. Replication in BHS confirmed our findings that WGRS19 and WGRS97 are associated with body mass index.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>WGRS19 improves prediction of adulthood obesity. Predictive accuracy is highest among young children (3\u20136 years), whereas among older children (9\u201318 years) the risk can be identified using childhood clinical factors. The model is helpful in screening children with high risk of developing obesity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circgenetics.116.001554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T01:10:22Z","timestamp":1497575422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Prediction of Adulthood Obesity Using Genetic and Childhood Clinical Risk Factors in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Seyednasrollah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niina","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Juonala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Hutri-K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Viikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanika","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine ..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Bazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and \u00c5bo Akademi University, Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine 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Finland (F.S., J.M., L.L.E.); Department of Mathematics and Statistics (F.S.), Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (N.P., O.T.R.), and Department of Medicine (M.J., J.V.), University of Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine (M.J., J.V.) and Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.) and School of Medicine 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