{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:51:15Z","timestamp":1773809475005,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Cardiovascular Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and ethnic differences have been reported for aortic valve calcium (AVC) and long-term aortic stenosis (AS). Whether these differences are due to differing risk factor profiles or the burden of AVC is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline AVC was quantified using the Agatston method among 6812 MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) participants. AVC scores were not reported to participants. The primary outcome of long-term moderate or severe AS was adjudicated using standard clinical criteria. We calculated multivariable Cox proportional hazards with log-transformed AVC as a continuous variable for each race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 62 years, and 47% of participants were women. Over a median follow-up of 16.7 years, 140 participants were diagnosed with moderate (n=56) and severe AS (n=84). The prevalence of baseline AVC &gt;0 by self-reported race and ethnicity was White (15.8%), Hispanic (13.3%), Black (12.3%), and Chinese (8.3%). The rate of long-term incident moderate-severe AS was highest for White participants (2.1\/1000 person-years) and lowest for Chinese participants (0.5\/1000 person-years). The association of AVC with moderate-severe AS was significant for all race and ethnicity groups: White hazard ratio, 1.82 (95% CI, 1.62\u20132.03); Hispanic hazard ratio, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.82\u20132.62); Black hazard ratio, 2.28 (95% CI, 1.78\u20132.93); and Chinese hazard ratio, 3.65 (95% CI, 1.05\u201312.71) per 1 unit higher log transformed AVC. There was no interaction by race and ethnicity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.26) when modeling Black versus non-Black participants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The racial and ethnic groups with a higher baseline prevalence of AVC had a higher long-term incidence of moderate-severe AS, but a similar relative association between AVC and moderate-severe AS regardless of baseline atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. Our findings suggest that differences in AS by race and ethnicity may likely be explained by the burden of AVC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circimaging.125.018916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:00:18Z","timestamp":1769594418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Race and Ethnic-Specific Burden of Aortic Valve Calcium and Its Association With Long-Term Aortic Stenosis: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-2366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jelani K.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-9335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kunal","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (K.J.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1938-9679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie","family":"Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami, Department of Medicine, FL (N.M.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-0876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Heart Disease Prevention, Division of Cardiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (A.C.R.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-9487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ellen","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Anchouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada (K.A., G.T.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-3510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Dzaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9616-1946","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Budoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (M.J. Budoff)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5655-8201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanjiv J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8039-4956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Czarny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.J.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7191-1723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jerome I.","family":"Rotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., X.G., J.Y.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-5068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiuqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., X.G., J.Y.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-0651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA (J.I.R., X.G., J.Y.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-7189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Thanassoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive and Genomic Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada (K.A., G.T.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8655-5204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy S.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-9683","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Blaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5914-0735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seamus P.","family":"Whelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.K.G., E.B., O.D., W.S.P., M.J. Blaha, S.P.W.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2005.09.090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2029562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.580696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.06.006"}],"container-title":["Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.125.018916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T19:00:43Z","timestamp":1772650843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.125.018916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.125.018916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circimaging.125.018916","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-9651","1942-0080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-9651","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-0080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}