{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:50:05Z","timestamp":1769158205035,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Social gradients in cardiovascular mortality across the United Kingdom may reflect differences in incidence, disease severity, or treatment. It is unknown whether a universal healthcare system delivers equitable lifesaving medical therapy for coronary heart disease. We therefore examined secular trends in the use of key medical therapies stratified by socioeconomic circumstances across a broad spectrum of coronary disease presentations, including acute coronary syndromes, secondary prevention, and clinical angina.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional observational analysis of nationally representative primary and secondary care data from the United Kingdom. Data on treatments for all myocardial infarction patients in 2003 and 2007 were derived from the Myocardial Ischemia National Audit Project (n=51 755). Data on treatments for patients with chronic angina (n=33 211) or requiring secondary prevention (n=32 976) in 1999 and 2007 were extracted from the General Practice Research Database. Socioeconomic circumstances were defined using a weighted composite of 7 area-level deprivation domains. Treatment estimates were age-standardized. Use of all therapies increased in all patient groups, both men and women. Improvements were most marked in primary care, where use of \u03b2-blockers, statins, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for secondary prevention and treatment of angina doubled, from \u224830% to &gt;60%. Small age gradients persisted for some therapies. No consistent socioeconomic gradients or sex differences were observed for myocardial infarction and postrevascularization (hard diagnoses). However, some sex inequality was apparent in the treatment of younger women with angina.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cardiovascular treatment is generally equitable and independent of socioeconomic circumstances. Future strategies should aim to further increase overall treatment levels and to eradicate remaining age and sex inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.111.000058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,13]],"date-time":"2013-03-13T01:37:16Z","timestamp":1363138636000},"page":"208-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The UK National Health Service"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel M.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Scholes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Bajekal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hande","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"O\u2019Flaherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Capewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK (N.M.H.); Health Care Evaluation Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK (S.S., M.B., R.R.); Pensions and Annuity Group, Legal and General plc, UK (H.L.); and Division of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M.O.F., S.C.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/12.4.263"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.10.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.6.642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00402-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.85.4.390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38156.690150.AE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.036723"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.069419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","article-title":"Department of Communities and Local Government.","author":"Noble M","unstructured":"Noble M, McLennan D, Wilkinson K, Whitworth A, Exley S, Barnes H, Dibben C. 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