{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:22:13Z","timestamp":1790245333950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young women (\u226455 years of age) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have higher mortality risk than similarly aged men. Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes after AMI, but little is known about whether young women have higher inflammatory levels after AMI compared with young men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed sex differences in post-AMI inflammatory markers and whether such differences account for sex differences in 12-month health status, using data from 2219 adults with AMI, 18 to 55 years of age, in the United States. Inflammatory markers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 were measured 1 month after AMI. Overall, women had higher levels of hsCRP and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 after AMI compared with men, and this remained statistically significant after multivariable adjustment. Regression analyses showed that elevated 1-month hsCRP was associated with poor health status (symptom, function, and quality of life) at 12 months. However, the association between hsCRP and health status became nonsignificant after adjustment for sociodemographics, comorbidities, and treatment factors. Half of these patients had residual inflammatory risk (hsCRP &gt;3 mg\/L) compared with a third who had residual cholesterol risk (Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &gt;100 mg\/dL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young women with AMI had higher inflammatory levels compared with young men. Elevated 1-month hsCRP was associated with poor health status at 12 months after AMI, but this was attenuated after adjustment for patient characteristics. Targeted anti-inflammatory treatments are worthy of consideration for secondary prevention in these patients if ongoing trials of anti-inflammatory therapy prove effective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.116.003470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,22]],"date-time":"2017-02-22T20:40:37Z","timestamp":1487796037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Sex Differences in Inflammatory Markers and Health Status Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel P.","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica S.","family":"Spatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Geda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy P.","family":"Lorenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith H.","family":"Lichtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Spertus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Ridker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan M.","family":"Krumholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale\u2013New Haven Hospital, CT (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Y.L., S.Z., R.P.D., E.S.S., H.M.K.), Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (M.G., N.P.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, Department of Internal Medicine (H.M.K.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.P.D., G.D.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT;..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.9.839"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60319-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-037X.2001.00570.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.928713"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90079-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00397-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.22.2727"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180618bbe"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000052939.59093.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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