{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:46:45Z","timestamp":1780570005056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dog ownership has been associated with decreased cardiovascular risk. Recent reports have suggested an association of dog companionship with lower blood pressure levels, improved lipid profile, and diminished sympathetic responses to stress. However, it is unclear if dog ownership is associated with improved survival as previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. Thus, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of dog ownership with all-cause mortality, with and without prior cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Studies published between 1950 and May 24, 2019 were identified by searching Embase and PubMed. Observational studies that evaluated baseline dog ownership and subsequent all-cause mortality or cardiovascular mortality. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. We assessed pooled data using random-effects model. A possible limitation was that the analyses were not adjusted for confounders. Ten studies were included yielding data from 3\u2009837\u2009005 participants (530\u2009515 events; mean follow-up 10.1 years). Dog ownership was associated with a 24% risk reduction for all-cause mortality as compared to nonownership (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.67\u20130.86) with 6 studies demonstrating significant reduction in the risk of death. Notably, in individuals with prior coronary events, living in a home with a dog was associated with an even more pronounced risk reduction for all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17\u20130.69;\n              <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              , 0%). Moreover, when we restricted the analyses to studies evaluating cardiovascular mortality, dog ownership conferred a 31% risk reduction for cardiovascular death (relative risk, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.67\u20130.71;\n              <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              , 5.1%).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dog ownership is associated with lower risk of death over the long term, which is possibly driven by a reduction in cardiovascular mortality.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              URL:\n              <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/\">http:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n              . Unique identifier: CRD42018111048.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.119.005554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T13:01:19Z","timestamp":1570539679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Dog Ownership and Survival"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Caroline K.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (C.K.K., S.M., R.S.S.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute (C.K.K.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (C.K.K.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (C.K.K., S.M., R.S.S.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e S.","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes (C.K.K., S.M., R.S.S.), Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Pet Ownership: Data from APPA\u2019s 2017\/2018 National Pet Owners Survey","author":"American Pet Products Manufacturers Association Inc","year":"2018","unstructured":"American Pet Products Manufacturers Association Inc. Pet Ownership: Data from APPA\u2019s 2017\/2018 National Pet Owners Survey; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.8.963"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb02996.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.5.750"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7527.1252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181271398"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137178.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829201e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Animal companions and one-year survival of patients after discharge from a coronary care unit.","volume":"95","author":"Friedmann E","year":"1980","unstructured":"Friedmann, E, Katcher, AH, Lynch, JJ, Thomas, SA. 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