{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:07:28Z","timestamp":1792638448268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Health care in the United States has seen many great innovations and successes in the past decades. However, to this day, the color of a person\u2019s skin determines\u2014to a considerable degree\u2014his\/her prospects of wellness; risk of disease, and death; and the quality of care received. Disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD)\u2014the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally\u2014are one of the starkest reminders of social injustices, and racial inequities, which continue to plague our society. People of color\u2014including Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian, and others\u2014experience varying degrees of social disadvantage that puts these groups at increased risk of CVD and poor disease outcomes, including mortality. Racial\/ethnic disparities in CVD, while documented extensively, have not been examined from a broad, upstream, social determinants of health lens. In this review, we apply a comprehensive social determinants of health framework to better understand how structural racism increases individual and cumulative social determinants of health burden for historically underserved racial and ethnic groups, and increases their risk of CVD. We analyze the link between race, racism, and CVD, including major pathways and structural barriers to cardiovascular health, using 5 distinct social determinants of health domains:\n                    <jats:italic>economic stability<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>neighborhood and physical environment<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>education<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>community and social context<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; and\n                    <jats:italic>healthcare system<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We conclude with a set of research and policy recommendations to inform future work in the field, and move a step closer to health equity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.121.007917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T14:01:11Z","timestamp":1642514471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":490,"title":["Race, Racism, and Cardiovascular Health: Applying a Social Determinants of Health Framework to Racial\/Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-9198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zulqarnain","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Equity &amp; Disparities Research, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (Z.J., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Haisum Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, New York (M.H.M.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (T.Y., I.A., J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-0254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahir","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX (Z.A.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2554-7806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac","family":"Acquah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (T.Y., I.A., J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Valero-Elizondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (T.Y., I.A., J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Computational Health &amp; Precision Medicine (C3-PH), Houston Methodist, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-0334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Andrieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Primary Care (J.A.), Houston Methodist Hospital, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prachi","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX (P.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryane K.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Community Benefits (R.K.J.), Houston Methodist Hospital, TX."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Daffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrett Daffin Frappier Turner &amp; Engel, L.L.P., Houston, TX (M.A.D.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8073-2337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel","family":"Cainzos-Achirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Equity &amp; Disparities Research, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (Z.J., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (T.Y., I.A., J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Computational Health &amp; Precision Medicine (C3-PH), Houston Methodist, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan A.","family":"Hyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, DC (A.A.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-2269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khurram","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Equity &amp; Disparities Research, Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist, TX (Z.J., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Computational Health &amp; Precision Medicine (C3-PH), Houston Methodist, TX (J.V.-E., M.C.-A., K.N.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart Disease Facts 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/heartdisease\/facts.htm Accessed September 1 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Heart Disease 2019. Accessed September 1 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/hus\/spotlight\/HeartDiseaseSpotlight_2019_0404.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health. Heart Disease and Hispanic Americans - The Office of Minority Health. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/omh\/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=64. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Beyond Health Care: The Role of Social Determinants in Promoting Health and Health Equity | KFF. 2018. Accessed September 1 2021. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Social Determinants | Healthy People 2020. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/leading-health-indicators\/2020-lhi-topics\/Social-Determinants. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.6532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Hiring Discrimination Against Black Americans Hasn\u2019t Declined in 25 Years. 2017. Available at: https:\/\/hbr.org\/2017\/10\/hiring-discrimination-against-black-americans-hasnt-declined-in-25-years. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omi M Winant H. Racial Formation in the United States. 2014. Available at: https:\/\/routledgetextbooks.com\/textbooks\/9780415520317\/default.php. Accessed September 21 2021.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203076804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity 2018. 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/reports\/race-and-ethnicity\/2018\/home.htm. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Economic Policy Institute. Black-white wage gaps expand with rising wage inequality. 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.epi.org\/publication\/black-white-wage-gaps-expand-with-rising-wage-inequality\/#epi-toc-7. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171600355X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbw091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/socf.12020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Kochhar R and Cilluffo A. Pew Research Center. Income Inequality in the U.S. Is Rising Most Rapidly Among Asians. 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-trends\/2018\/07\/12\/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Rethinking homeownership incentives to improve household financial security and shrink the racial wealth gap. 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/rethinking-homeownership-incentives-to-improve-household-financial-security-and-shrink-the-racial-wealth-gap\/. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Press Release: McDuffie Secures Baby Bonds and Funding to Reduce Racial Wealth Gap Facilitate an Equitable Recovery and Reimagine Public Safety in Budget \u2013 TheDCLine.org. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/thedcline.org\/2021\/08\/03\/press-release-mcduffie-secures-baby-bonds-and-funding-to-reduce-racial-wealth-gap-facilitate-an-equitable-recovery-and-reimagine-public-safety-in-budget\/. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Earl B. House House Ways and Means Committee. HR 2863. First-Time Homebuyer Act of 2021. Accessed September 20 2021. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/2863?s=1&r=59."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"Gross T. A \u201cForgotten History\u201d Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America: NPR. 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2017\/05\/03\/526655831\/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america. Accessed September 22 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Residential Security Map of Baltimore Md. Baltimore City Sheet Maps. National Archives and Records Administration. Image Courtesy of the Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries. 1937. Available at: http:\/\/jhir.library.jhu.edu\/handle\/1774.2\/61867. Accessed November 27 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Neighborhood Poverty | National Equity Atlas. Neighborhood poverty: All neighborhoods should be communities of opportunity. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/nationalequityatlas.org\/indicators\/Neighborhood_poverty#\/. Accessed September 22 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9426-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9681-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2019.1643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3090214"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01308.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.002668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.9.959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020001536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00904-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing. HUD.gov \/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.hud.gov\/program_offices\/fair_housing_equal_opp\/affh#_What_is_AFFH. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","unstructured":"American Dream Downpayment Initiative. Housing and Urban Development. 2007. Accessed Sep 1 2021. https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/omb\/assets\/omb\/expectmore\/summary\/10009022.2007.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","unstructured":"Green D. A Guide to the $15 000 First-Time Homebuyer Act of 2021. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/homebuyer.com\/learn\/15000-first-time-home-buyer-tax-credit. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","unstructured":"Roberts C. Flashback: History Made 70 Years Ago This Week: Heman Sweatt Enrolls. Texas Law News. 2020. Available at: https:\/\/law.utexas.edu\/news\/category\/flashback\/. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","unstructured":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1). Oyez. Available at: www.oyez.org\/cases\/1940-1955\/347us483. Accessed 26 October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"de Brey C Musu L McFarland J Wilkinson-Flicker S Diliberti M Zhang A Branstetter C Wang X. Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups 2018. 2019. Accessed September 1 2021. Available at: https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2019\/2019038.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","unstructured":"United States Joint Economic Committee. Zoned Out: How School and Residential Zoning Limit Educational Opportunity. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.jec.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm\/republicans\/2019\/11\/zoned-out-how-school-and-residential-zoning-limit-educational-opportunity. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","unstructured":"Boschma J Brownstein R. Students of Color Are Much More Likely to Attend High-Poverty Schools - The Atlantic. 2016. https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/education\/archive\/2016\/02\/concentration-poverty-american-schools\/471414\/. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","unstructured":"McFarland J Cui J Rathbun A Holmes J. on behalf of the Department of Education. Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 2018 Compendium Report. Accessed September 1 2021. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/pubs2019\/2019117.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-016-9162-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828042002561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Earnings and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment 2020. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/emp\/chart-unemployment-earnings-education.htm. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731415585986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","unstructured":"Washington State Association of Head Start and ECEAP. 2021. Accessed December 20 2021. https:\/\/wsaheadstarteceap.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198106288011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","unstructured":"Matthews P Besemer K. Poverty and social networks evidence review A Report for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation Anti-Poverty Programme. 2014. Accessed September 1 2021. https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/42543158.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","unstructured":"Schwartz H Burkhauser S Griffin BANN Kennedy D Green H Kennedy-hendricks A Pollack C. Mixed-income neighborhoods expand social networks and benefit health. 2014 Available at: https:\/\/www.macfound.org\/media\/files\/hhm_brief_-_mixed-income_neighborhoods_expand_social_networks_benefit_health.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-12-54"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-018-9998-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002076400004600105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-006-9008-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13644-011-0008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnt118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","article-title":"The significance of race for neighborhood social cohesion: perceived difficulty of collective action in majority black neighborhoods.","volume":"39","author":"Hobson-Prater T","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hobson-Prater, T, Leech, TGJ. The significance of race for neighborhood social cohesion: perceived difficulty of collective action in majority black neighborhoods. J Sociol Soc Welf. 2012;39:89-109. Available at: https:\/\/scholarworks.wmich.edu\/jssw\/vol39\/iss1\/6","journal-title":"J Sociol Soc Welf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9375-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","unstructured":"The Office of Minority Health; US Department of Health and Human Services. Heart Disease and American Indians\/Alaska Natives. 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/omh\/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlID=34. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.967171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10237-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","unstructured":"Criminal Justice Fact Sheet | >National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 2021. Available at: https:\/\/naacp.org\/resources\/criminal-justice-fact-sheet. Accessed September 23 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/fact\/table\/US\/PST045219. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","unstructured":"2018 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report. 2019. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville MD. Available at: https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/research\/findings\/nhqrdr\/nhqdr18\/index.html. Accessed August 29 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","unstructured":">Access to Care. American Heart Association. 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/get-involved\/advocate\/federal-priorities\/access-to-care. Accessed September 21 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05108-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1553-7250(14)40056-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0623OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.0026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013592"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.12.2084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hblog20200220.518458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2501_08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033718"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301554"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","first-page":"455","article-title":"Race, discrimination, and cardiovascular disease.","volume":"16","author":"Brewer LC","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brewer, LC, Cooper, LA. Race, discrimination, and cardiovascular disease. Virtual Mentor. 2014;16:455\u2013460.","journal-title":"Virtual Mentor"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742058X11000178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","unstructured":"Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative (BARHII). Applying Social Determinants of Health Indicator Data for Advancing Health Equity: A Guide for Local Health Department Epidemiologists and Public Health Professionals. 2020. Accessed September 9 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.barhii.org\/sdoh-indicator-guide"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","unstructured":"Indiana Leaders Launch SDOH Data-Sharing Initiative. Indiana Network for Population Health (INPH). 2020. Accessed September 9 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.hcinnovationgroup.com\/population-health-management\/social-determinants- of-health\/article\/21137984\/indiana-leaders-launch-sdoh-datasharing-initiative"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","unstructured":"HealthIT.gov. Advancing Interoperable Social Determinants of Health Data. 2019. Accessed August 28 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/buzz-blog\/interoperability\/advancing-interoperable-social- determinants-of-health-data"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","unstructured":"Lukanen E Zylla E. Exploring Strategies to Fill Gaps in Medicaid Race Ethnicity and Language Data. 2020. Accessed August 30 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.shvs.org\/exploring-strategies-to-fill-gaps-in-medicaid- race-ethnicity-and-language-data\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","unstructured":"US Department of Interior. Standards for Maintaining Collecting and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. 1997. Accessed August 30 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.doi.gov\/pmb\/eeo\/directives\/race-data"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/RR2578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","unstructured":"The Protocol for Responding to and Assessing Patients\u2019 Assets Risks and Experiences (PRAPARE). 2020. Accessed September 20 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.nachc.org\/research-and-data\/prapare\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The SHARE Approach\u2014Taking Steps Toward Cultural Competence: A Fact Sheet. 2020. Accessed September 1 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/health- literacy\/professional-training\/shared-decision\/tool\/resource-7.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","unstructured":"County Health Rankings. Public reporting of health care quality performance. 2020. Accessed August 29 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.countyhealthrankings.org\/take-action-to-improve-health\/what-works-for- health\/strategies\/public-reporting-of-health-care-quality-performance"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. Improving the identification of health care disparities in medicaid and CHIP. 2014. Accessed August 29 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/quality-of- care\/downloads\/4302b-rtc-2014.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558707305426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","unstructured":"Racial Equity Tools: Community Engagement. 2020. Available at: Accessed September 21 2021. https:\/\/www.racialequitytools.org\/resources\/act\/strategies\/community-engagement"}],"container-title":["Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.007917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T03:33:04Z","timestamp":1738812784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.007917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.007917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circoutcomes.121.007917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1941-7713","1941-7705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1941-7713","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}