{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:26:34Z","timestamp":1788243994496,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This \u201cControversies in Cardiovascular Research\u201d article evaluates the evidence for and against the hypothesis that the circulating blood level of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) decreases in old age and that restoring normal GDF11 levels in old animals rejuvenates their skeletal muscle and reverses pathological cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction. Studies supporting the original GDF11 hypothesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle have not been validated by several independent groups. These new studies have either found no effects of restoring normal GDF11 levels on cardiac structure and function or have shown that increasing GDF11 or its closely related family member growth differentiation factor 8 actually impairs skeletal muscle repair in old animals. One possible explanation for what seems to be mutually exclusive findings is that the original reagent used to measure GDF11 levels also detected many other molecules so that age-dependent changes in GDF11 are still not well known. The more important issue is whether increasing blood [GDF11] repairs old skeletal muscle and reverses age-related cardiac pathologies. There are substantial new and existing data showing that GDF8\/11 can exacerbate rather than rejuvenate skeletal muscle injury in old animals. There is also new evidence disputing the idea that there is pathological hypertrophy in old C57bl6 mice and that GDF11 therapy can reverse cardiac pathologies. Finally, high [GDF11] causes reductions in body and heart weight in both young and old animals, suggestive of a cachexia effect. Our conclusion is that elevating blood levels of GDF11 in the aged might cause more harm than good.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.307962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T21:10:55Z","timestamp":1459458655000},"page":"1143-1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Is Growth Differentiation Factor 11 a Realistic Therapeutic for Aging-Dependent Muscle Defects?"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Shavonn C.","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Brack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"MacDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Franti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley B.","family":"Olwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Rudnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Houser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.C.H., S.R.H.); Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (A.B.); Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M.), and Department of Research Beyond Borders (M.F.), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, CT (S.M., M.F.); Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology,..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.4.725"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960110802"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2007.04752.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251152"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307521"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02953-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2007.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.882068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2012.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"R1265","article-title":"Myostatin expression in porcine tissues: tissue specificity and developmental and postnatal regulation.","volume":"275","author":"Ji S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ji S, Losinski RL, Cornelius SG, Frank GR, Willis GM, Gerrard DE, Depreux FF, Spurlock ME. 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