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Because not all miRNAs are detectable in the circulation, we also created a gene ontology annotation for circulating miRNAs using the gene ontology term extracellular space as part of blood plasma. Finally, we share key insights for measuring circulating miRNAs. We propose ways to standardize miRNA measurements, in particular by using platelet-poor plasma to avoid confounding caused by residual platelets in plasma or by adding RNase inhibitors to serum to reduce degradation. This should enhance comparability of miRNA measurements across different cohorts. We provide recommendations for future miRNA biomarker studies, emphasizing the need for accurate interpretation within a biological and methodological context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.309303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,19]],"date-time":"2017-01-19T21:20:24Z","timestamp":1484860824000},"page":"418-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["MicroRNA Biomarkers and Platelet Reactivity"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Sunderland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the King\u2019s British Heart Foundation Centre, King\u2019s College London, United Kingdom (N.S., P.S., T.B., R.L., A.J., M.M.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, United Kingdom (R.P.H., R.C.L.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Skroblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the King\u2019s British Heart Foundation Centre, King\u2019s College London, United Kingdom (N.S., P.S., T.B., R.L., A.J., M.M.); 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