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ATP, released from perivascular sympathetic nerves, causes vasoconstriction largely via P2X1 receptors. Endothelial cells release ATP in response to changes in blood flow (via shear stress) or hypoxia, to act on P2 receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, or prostaglandins to cause vasodilation. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity, to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. Purinergic signaling is involved in the physiology of erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. ATP is released from erythrocytes and platelets, and purinoceptors and ectonucleotidases are expressed by these cells. P1, P2Y\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , P2Y\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and P2X1 receptors are expressed on platelets, which mediate platelet aggregation and shape change. Long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides promote migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis, vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty and atherosclerosis. The involvement of purinergic signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology and its therapeutic potential are discussed, including heart failure, infarction, arrhythmias, syncope, cardiomyopathy, angina, heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts, coronary artery disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, ischemia, thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and migraine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.116.309726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T16:20:25Z","timestamp":1483633225000},"page":"207-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":417,"title":["Purinergic Signaling in the Cardiovascular System"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Burnstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06930-3","article-title":"Purinergic nerves.","volume":"24","author":"Burnstock G","year":"1972","unstructured":"Burnstock G. 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