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The most common cause of inflammatory cardiomyopathies in developed countries is lymphocytic myocarditis most commonly caused by a viral pathogenesis. In Latin America, cardiomyopathy caused by Chagas disease is endemic. The true incidence of myocarditis is unknown to the limited utilization and the poor sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsies (especially for patchy diseases such as lymphocytic myocarditis and sarcoidosis) using the gold-standard Dallas criteria. Emerging immunohistochemistry criteria and molecular diagnostic techniques are being developed that will improve diagnostic yield, provide additional clues into the pathophysiology, and offer an application of precision medicine to these important syndromes. Immunosuppression is recommended for patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, and myocarditis associated with connective tissue disorders and may be beneficial in chronic viral myocarditis once virus is cleared. Further trials of immunosuppression, antiviral, and immunomodulating therapies are needed. Together, with new molecular-based diagnostics and therapies tailored to specific pathogeneses, the outcome of patients with these disorders may improve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.117.310221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T20:20:12Z","timestamp":1505420412000},"page":"803-818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":271,"title":["Inflammatory Cardiomyopathic Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Barry H.","family":"Trachtenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center (B.H.T.), TX; University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, FL (J.M.H.); and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miami, FL (J.M.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center (B.H.T.), TX; University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, FL (J.M.H.); and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miami, FL (J.M.H.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930802031546"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60648-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30087-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"641","article-title":"[The prevalence of subclinical myocarditis among young children with acute viral infection].","volume":"154","author":"Talmon G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talmon G, Fink DL, Horowitz Y, Miron D. 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