{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:14:04Z","timestamp":1791843244793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:underline>Rationale:<\/jats:underline>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Downregulation of the pacemaking ion channel, HCN4 (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated channel 4), and the corresponding ionic current,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      , underlies exercise training\u2013induced sinus bradycardia in rodents. If this occurs in humans, it could explain the increased incidence of bradyarrhythmias in veteran athletes, and it will be important to understand the underlying processes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:underline>Objective:<\/jats:underline>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the role of HCN4 in the training-induced bradycardia in human athletes and investigate the role of microRNAs (miRs) in the repression of HCN4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:underline>Methods and Results:<\/jats:underline>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As in rodents, the intrinsic heart rate was significantly lower in human athletes than in nonathletes, and in all subjects, the rate-lowering effect of the HCN selective blocker, ivabradine, was significantly correlated with the intrinsic heart rate, consistent with HCN repression in athletes. Next-generation sequencing and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed remodeling of miRs in the sinus node of swim-trained mice. Computational predictions highlighted a prominent role for miR-423-5p. Interaction between miR-423-5p and HCN4 was confirmed by a dose-dependent reduction in HCN4 3\u2032-untranslated region luciferase reporter activity on cotransfection with precursor miR-423-5p (abolished by mutation of predicted recognition elements). Knockdown of miR-423-5p with anti-miR-423-5p reversed training-induced bradycardia via rescue of HCN4 and\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Further experiments showed that in the sinus node of swim-trained mice, upregulation of miR-423-5p (intronic miR) and its host gene, NSRP1, is driven by an upregulation of the transcription factor Nkx2.5.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:underline>Conclusions:<\/jats:underline>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HCN remodeling likely occurs in human athletes, as well as in rodent models. miR-423-5p contributes to training-induced bradycardia by targeting HCN4. This work presents the first evidence of miR control of HCN4 and heart rate. miR-423-5p could be a therapeutic target for pathological sinus node dysfunction in veteran athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.117.311607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T20:10:25Z","timestamp":1503087025000},"page":"1058-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Targeting miR-423-5p Reverses Exercise Training\u2013Induced HCN4 Channel Remodeling and Sinus Bradycardia"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (A.D., C.M.P., Y.W., S.N., S.J.R.J.L., C.C., H.B., Y.Z., J.E., A.R., A.K., E.J.C., O.M., H.D., D.O., G.M.M., M.R.B.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.B.J., U.W.); Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Pearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (A.D., C.M.P., Y.W., S.N., S.J.R.J.L., C.C., H.B., Y.Z., J.E., A.R., A.K., E.J.C., O.M., H.D., D.O., G.M.M., M.R.B.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.B.J., U.W.); Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (A.D., C.M.P., Y.W., S.N., S.J.R.J.L., C.C., H.B., Y.Z., J.E., A.R., A.K., E.J.C., O.M., H.D., D.O., G.M.M., M.R.B.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.B.J., U.W.); Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (A.D., C.M.P., Y.W., S.N., S.J.R.J.L., C.C., H.B., Y.Z., J.E., A.R., A.K., E.J.C., O.M., H.D., D.O., G.M.M., M.R.B.); K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (A.B.J., U.W.); Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil Jit R.J.","family":"Logantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (A.D., C.M.P., Y.W., S.N., S.J.R.J.L., C.C., H.B., Y.Z., J.E., A.R., A.K., E.J.C., O.M., H.D., D.O., G.M.M., M.R.B.); K.G. 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