{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:15:34Z","timestamp":1792653334206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>\n              <jats:underline>Rationale:<\/jats:underline>\n            <\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cardiac pacing is a critical technology for the treatment of arrhythmia and heart failure. The impact of specific pacing strategies on myocardial function is an area of intense research and high clinical significance. Mouse models have proven extremely useful for probing mechanisms of heart disease, but there is currently no reliable technology for long-term pacing in the mouse.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>\n              <jats:underline>Objective:<\/jats:underline>\n            <\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We sought to develop a device for long-term pacing studies in mice. We evaluated the device for (1) treating third-degree atrioventricular block after macrophage depletion, (2) ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, and (3) high-rate atrial pacing.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>\n              <jats:underline>Methods and Results:<\/jats:underline>\n            <\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              We developed a mouse pacemaker by refashioning a 26 mm\u00d76.7 mm clinical device powered by a miniaturized, highly efficient battery. The electrode was fitted with a single flexible lead, and custom software extended the pacing rate to up to 1200 bpm. The wirelessly programmable device was implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous space of 39 mice. The tunneled lead was passed through a left thoracotomy incision and attached to the epicardial surface of the apex (for ventricular pacing) or the left atrium (for atrial pacing). Mice tolerated the implantation and both long-term atrial and ventricular pacing over weeks. We then validated the pacemaker\u2019s suitability for the treatment of atrioventricular block after macrophage depletion in\n              <jats:italic>Cd11b<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>\n                <jats:italic>DTR<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sup>\n              mice. Ventricular pacing increased the heart rate from 313\u00b159 to 550 bpm (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt;0.05). In addition, we characterized tachypacing-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. Four weeks of ventricular pacing resulted in reduced left ventricular function, fibrosis, and an increased number of cardiac leukocytes and endothelial activation. Finally, we demonstrated the feasibility of chronic atrial pacing at 1200 bpm.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>\n              <jats:underline>Conclusions:<\/jats:underline>\n            <\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Long-term pacing with a fully implantable, programmable, and battery-powered device enables previously impossible investigations of arrhythmia and heart failure in the mouse.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.118.313429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]],"date-time":"2019-01-07T17:13:26Z","timestamp":1546881206000},"page":"1208-1219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Miniaturized, Programmable Pacemaker for Long-Term Studies in the Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Maarten","family":"Hulsmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Cardiology Division (A.D.A., D.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Bonner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rhythm and Heart Failure, Medtronic PLC, Mounds View, MN (M.D.B.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneesh","family":"Bapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (A.B., D.J.M., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.B.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering (K.R.K.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division (K.R.K.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip K.","family":"Swirski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division (A.D.A., D.J.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (A.B., D.J.M., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Program in Population and Medical Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA (D.J.M.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Weissleder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (R.W.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Nahrendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Radiology, Center for Systems Biology (M.H., A.D.A., S.C., Y.I., K.R.K., F.K.S., R.W., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (A.B., D.J.M., M.N.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 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