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In mammals, cardiac growth by cell number expansion changes to growth by cardiomyocyte enlargement soon after birth, coinciding with a period in which most cardiomyocytes increase their DNA content by multinucleation and nuclear polyploidization. Although cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is often associated with these processes, whether polyploidy is a prerequisite or a consequence of hypertrophic growth is unclear. Both the benefits of cardiomyocyte enlargement over proliferative growth of the heart and the physiological role of polyploidy in cardiomyocytes are enigmatic. Interestingly, hearts in animal species with substantial cardiac regenerative capacity dominantly comprise diploid cardiomyocytes, raising the hypothesis that cardiomyocyte polyploidy poses a barrier for cardiomyocyte proliferation and subsequent heart regeneration. On the contrary, there is also evidence for self-duplication of multinucleated myocytes, suggesting a more complex picture of polyploidy in heart regeneration. Polyploidy is not restricted to the heart but also occurs in other cell types in the body. In this review, we explore the biological relevance of polyploidy in different species and tissues to acquire insight into its specific role in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, we speculate about the physiological role of polyploidy in cardiomyocytes and how this might relate to renewal and regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.119.315408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1581602427000},"page":"552-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Polyploidy in Cardiomyocytes"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Wouter","family":"Derks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Germany (W.D., O.B.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Germany (W.D., O.B.)"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet, Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden (O.B.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029343"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214608110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2013_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.308428"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.312792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Polyploidy of myocyte nuclei in pressure overloaded human hearts: a flow cytometric study in left and right ventricular myocardium.","volume":"5","author":"Vliegen HW","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vliegen, HW, Eulderink, F, Bruschke, AV, van der Laarse, A, Cornelisse, CJ. 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