{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:45:59Z","timestamp":1793090759986,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Circulation Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor.\n                    <jats:italic>ACE2<\/jats:italic>\n                    is widely expressed, including, in the lungs, cardiovascular system, gut, kidneys, central nervous system, and adipose tissue. ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for coronavirus disease 2019, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, ACE2, and cardiovascular disease. Although sharing a close evolutionary relationship with SARS-CoV, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 differs in several key amino acid residues, allowing for stronger binding affinity with the human ACE2 receptor, which may account for the greater pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The loss of ACE2 function following binding by SARS-CoV-2 is driven by endocytosis and activation of proteolytic cleavage and processing. The ACE2 system is a critical protective pathway against heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction including, myocardial infarction and hypertension, and against lung disease and diabetes mellitus. The control of gut dysbiosis and vascular permeability by ACE2 has emerged as an essential mechanism of pulmonary hypertension and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Recombinant ACE2, gene-delivery of\n                    <jats:italic>Ace2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Ang 1\u20137 analogs, and Mas receptor agonists enhance ACE2 action and serve as potential therapies for disease conditions associated with an activated renin-angiotensin system. rhACE2 (recombinant human ACE2) has completed clinical trials and efficiently lowered or increased plasma angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 levels, respectively. Our review summarizes the progress over the past 20 years, highlighting the critical role of ACE2 as the novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor and as the negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, together with implications for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated cardiovascular diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.120.317015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T05:00:44Z","timestamp":1586322044000},"page":"1456-1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1642,"title":["Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Gheblawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiu-Chang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (J.-C.Z.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan K.","family":"Raizada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (M.K.R.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (M.B.G.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9154-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin Y.","family":"Oudit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physiology (M.G., A.V., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.W., Q.N., G.Y.O.)"},{"name":"Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (M.G., K.W., A.V., Q.N., 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