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These differences underlie sex-specific variation in cardiovascular events later in life, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. With respect to cardiac phenotypes, females have intrinsically smaller body size\u2013adjusted cardiac volumes and they tend to experience greater age-related wall thickening and myocardial stiffening with aging. With respect to vascular phenotypes, sexual dimorphism in both physiology and pathophysiology are also seen, including overt differences in blood pressure trajectories. The majority of sex differences in myocardial and vascular alterations that manifest with aging seem to follow relatively consistent trajectories from the very early to the very later stages of life. This review aims to synthesize recent cardiovascular aging-related research to highlight clinically relevant studies in diverse female and male populations that can inform approaches to improving the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of cardiovascular disease risks in the aging population at large.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.319902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T14:00:20Z","timestamp":1645106420000},"page":"566-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Sex Differences in Myocardial and Vascular Aging"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-4666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China (H.J.)."},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, 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