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Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as IL (interleukin)-1\u03b2 blockers, methotrexate, or colchicine, represent attractive treatment strategies to prevent vascular events and stroke. Lately, the COVID-19 pandemic shows a clear association between SARS-CoV2 infections and increased risk of cerebrovascular events. Furthermore, mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immune systems influence cerebral damage cascades after ischemic stroke. Neutrophils, monocytes, and microglia, as well as T and B lymphocytes each play complex interdependent roles that synergize to remove dead tissue but also can cause bystander injury to intact brain cells and generate maladaptive chronic inflammation. Chronic systemic inflammation and comorbid infections may unfavorably influence both outcome after stroke and recurrence risk for further stroke. In addition, stroke triggers specific immune depression, which in turn can promote infections. Recent research is now increasingly addressing the question of the extent to which immune mechanisms may influence long-term outcome after stroke and, in particular, cause specific complications such as poststroke dementia or even poststroke depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.319994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T14:00:17Z","timestamp":1649944817000},"page":"1167-1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Immune Pathways in Etiology, Acute Phase, and Chronic Sequelae of Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-3720","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Endres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie (M.E., C.H.N., A.M.), Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate 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